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58 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS iff. 29- A, Trentepohlia umbrina Born ; K, /. aurea Mart, x 300 (after Kiitz.). Fig. 30. Example of Cladophora. Cl. glomerata Klitz A.nat. s,ze; B, x 85 (after West).
LICHEN ALGAE 59 Fam. TRENTEPOHLIACEAE. Filamentous and branched, the filaments short and creeping or long and forming tufts and felts or cushions; colour, brownish-yellow or reddish-orange. TRENTEPOHLIA Born. Branching alternate; cells filled with red or orange oil ; no pyrenoids (Fig. 29). A large number of lichens are associated with this genus : Pyrenulaceae, Arthoniaceae, Graphidaceae, Roccellaceae, Thelotremaceae, Gyalectaceae and Coenogoniaceae, etc., in whole or in part. Two species have been determined, T. umbrina Born., the gonidium of the Graphidaceae, and T. aurea which is associated with the only European Coenogonium, C. ebeneum (Fig. 3). Deckenbach 1 claimed that he had proved by cultures that T. umbrina was a growth stage of T. aurea. Fam. CLADOPHORACEAE. Filamentous, variously and copiously branched, the cells rather large and multinucleate. CLADOPHORA Klitz. Filaments branching, of one-cell rows, attached at the base ; colour, bright or dark green ; mostly aquatic and marine (Fig. 30). Only one lichen, Racodium rupestre, a member of the Coeno- goniaceae, is associated with Cladophora. It is a British lichen, and is always sterile. Fam. MYCOIDEACEAE. Epiphytic algae consisting of thin discs which are composed of radiating filaments. 1. MYCOIDEA Cunningh. (Cephaleuros Kunze). In Mycoidea parasitica the filaments of the disc are partly erect and partly decumbent, reddish to green (Fig. 31). It forms the gonidium of the parasitic lichen, Strigula complanata, which was studied by Marshall Ward in Ceylon 2 . Zahl- bruckner gives Phyllactidium as an alternative gonidium of Strigula- Fig. 31. Mycoidea parasitica Cunningh. much magnified (after Marshall Ward). CG3.C. 2. PHYCOPELTIS Millard. Disc a stratum one-cell thick, bearing seta, adnate to the lower surface of the leaf, yellow-green in colour. Phycopeltis (Fig. 32) has been identified as the gonidium of Strigula complanata in New Zealand and of Mazosia (Chiodectonaceae), a leaf lichen from tropical America. 1 Deckenbach 1893. 2 In a comparative study of leaf algae from Ceylon and Barbadoes, N. Thomas (1913) came to the conclusion that Marshall Ward's alga in its early stages is the same as Phyllactidium ti'opicum Moebius ; and that the Barbadoes alga with which she was working represented the older stages, it being then subcuticular in habit, forming rhizoids, barren and sterile aerial hairs and subcuticular zoosporangia.
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Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
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LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
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PREFACE THE publication of this vol
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viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
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x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
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xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
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xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
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xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
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CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
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xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
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xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
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xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
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xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
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xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
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2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
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4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
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6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
Page 42 and 43: 8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
Page 44 and 45: I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
Page 46 and 47: 12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
Page 48 and 49: I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
Page 50 and 51: 16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
Page 52 and 53: I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
Page 54 and 55: CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
Page 56 and 57: 22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
Page 62 and 63: CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
Page 64 and 65: 3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
Page 66 and 67: 3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
Page 94 and 95: 6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
Page 102 and 103: 68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
Page 104 and 105: ;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
Page 106 and 107: 72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
Page 108 and 109: 74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
Page 110 and 111: ;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
Page 112 and 113: 78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
Page 114 and 115: 8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
Page 116 and 117: 82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
Page 118 and 119: 84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
Page 120 and 121: 86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
Page 122 and 123: 88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
Page 124 and 125: MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
Page 126 and 127: 9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
Page 128 and 129: 94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
Page 130 and 131: 96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
Page 132 and 133: 9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
Page 134 and 135: 100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
Page 136 and 137: 102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
Page 138 and 139: 104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
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APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
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DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
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DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
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SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
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SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
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SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
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SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
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SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
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SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
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SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
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SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
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CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
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GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
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GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
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GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
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GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
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ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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251
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GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
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GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
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DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
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Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
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Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
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Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
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NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
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DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
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DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
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DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
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DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
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FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
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indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
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LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
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CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
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are, however, not equally palatable
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LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
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LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
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LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
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LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
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LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
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LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
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LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
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LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
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APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
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Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
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INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
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Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
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Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
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Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
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Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
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Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
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Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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