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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON : C. F. CLAY, MANAGER FETTER LANE, E.C. 4 LONDON : H. K. LEWIS AND CO., LTD., 136, Gower Street, W.C. i LONDON : WHELDON & WESLEY, LTD., 28, Essex Street, Strand, W.C. 2 NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY ~| CALCUTTA I MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. MADRAS J TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF TOKYO : CANADA, LTD. MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L.S. ACTING ASSISTANT, BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT, BRITISH MUSEUM CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1921 r r t\ ~J i JuUl 1
Page 7: Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
Page 11: PREFACE THE publication of this vol
Page 14 and 15: viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
Page 16 and 17: x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
Page 18 and 19: xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
Page 20 and 21: xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
Page 22 and 23: xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
Page 24 and 25: CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
Page 26 and 27: xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
Page 28 and 29: xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
Page 30 and 31: xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
Page 32 and 33: xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
Page 34 and 35: xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
Page 36 and 37: 2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
Page 38 and 39: 4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
Page 40 and 41: 6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
Page 42 and 43: 8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
Page 44 and 45: I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
Page 46 and 47: 12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
Page 48 and 49: I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
Page 50 and 51: 16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
Page 52 and 53: I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
Page 54 and 55: CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
Page 56 and 57: 22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
Page 58 and 59:
24 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
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3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
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6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
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;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
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72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
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74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
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;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
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78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
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8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
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82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
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84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
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86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
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88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
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MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
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9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
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94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
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96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
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9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
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100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
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102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
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104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
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APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
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DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
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Page 215 and 216:
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DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
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SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
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SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
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SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
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SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
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SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
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SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
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SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
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SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
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CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
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GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
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GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
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GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
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GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
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ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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251
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GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
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GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
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DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
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Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
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Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
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Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
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NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
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DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
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DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
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DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
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DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
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FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
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indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
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LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
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CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
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are, however, not equally palatable
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LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
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LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
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LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
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LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
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LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
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LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
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LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
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LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
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LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
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APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
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Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
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INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
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Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
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Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
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Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
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Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
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Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
Page 497 and 498:
Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
Page 502 and 503:
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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