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368 ECOLOGY Bruce Fink 1 found in N.W. Minnesota an association on exposed calcareous earth as follows : Heppia Despreauxii. Urceolaria scruposa. Biatora (Lecidea} decipiens. Biatora (Bacidia] muscorum. Dermatocarpon hepaticum. of a hill that was washed This particular association occupied the slope by lime-impregnated water. It was normally a dry habitat and the lichens were distinguished by small closely adnate thalli. There are more lichens confined to limy than to sandy soil. Arnold'2 gives a list of those he observed near Munich on the former habitat : Cladonia sylvatica f. alpestris. Urceolaria scruposa f. argillacea. Cladonia squamosa f. subsquamosa. Verrucatia (Thrombium) epigaea. Lecidea decipiens. Cladonia rangiformis f. foliosa. Cladonia cariosa and f. sympkicarpa. Dermatocarpon cinereum. Peltigera canina f. soreumatica. Collema granulatum. Solorina spongiosa. Collema tenax. Heppia virescens. Leptogium byssinum. Lecanora crassa. It is interesting to note how many of these lichens specialized habitat are forms of species that grow in other situations. as to b. ON SILICEOUS SOIL. Lichens are not generally denizens of cultivated soil ; a few settle on clay or on sand-banks. Cladonia fimbriata and Cl. pyxidata grow frequently in such situations ; sandy or gravelly soil are, in the British Isles : others more or less confined to Baeomyces roseus. Gongylia -viridis. Baeomyces rufus. Dermatocarpon lachneum. Baeomyces placophyllus. Dermatocarpon hepaticum. Endocarpon spp. Dermatocarpon cinereum. These very generally grow in extended societies of one species only. In his enumeration of soil-lichens Arnold 2 gives 40 species that grow on siliceous soil, as against 57 on calcareous. Many of them occurred on both. Those around Munich on siliceous soil only were : Cladonia cocci/era. Baeomyces rufus. Cladonia agaridformis. Secoliga (Gyalecta) bryophaga. Ler.idea gelatinosa. Psorotichia lutophila. Mayfield 3 in his account of the Boulder Clay lichen flora of Suffolk found only four species that attained to full development on banks and hedgerows. These were: Collema pidposum, Cladonia pyxidata, Cl. furcata var. corymbosa and Peltigera polydactyla. 1 Fink 1902, etc. 2 Arnold 1891. s Mayfield 1916.
LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heaths of gravelly soil in Epping Forest Paulson and Thompson 1 describe an association of such lichens as : Baeotnyces roseus. Cladonia macilenta. Baeomyces rufus. Cladonia furcata. Pycnothelia papillaria. Cetraria aculeata. Cladonia coccifera. Peltigera spuria. Leeidea granulosa. And on flints in the soil : Lecidca crustnlata and Rhizocarpon confer- voides. They found that Peltigera spuria colonized very quickly the burnt patches of earth which are of frequent occurrence in Epping Forest, while on wet sandy heaths amongst heather they found associated Cladonia sylvatica f. tennis and Cl. finibriata subsp. y^w/
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Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
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LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
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PREFACE THE publication of this vol
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viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
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x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
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xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
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xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
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xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
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CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
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xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
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xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
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xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
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xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
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xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
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2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
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4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
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6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
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8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
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I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
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12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
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I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
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16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
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I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
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CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
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22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
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3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
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6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
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;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
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72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
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74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
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;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
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78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
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8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
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82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
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84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
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86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
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88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
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MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
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9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
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94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
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96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
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9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
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100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
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102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
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104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
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APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
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DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
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DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
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SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
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SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
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SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
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SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
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SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
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SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
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SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
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SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
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CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
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GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
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GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
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GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
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GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
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ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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251
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GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
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GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
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DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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Page 353 and 354: FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
Page 355 and 356: FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
Page 357 and 358: FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
Page 359 and 360: FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
Page 361 and 362: FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
Page 363 and 364: Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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Page 367 and 368: Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
Page 369 and 370: FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
Page 371 and 372: FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
Page 373 and 374: Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
Page 375 and 376: FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
Page 377 and 378: NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
Page 379 and 380: DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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Page 383 and 384: DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
Page 385 and 386: DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
Page 387 and 388: DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
Page 389 and 390: FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
Page 391 and 392: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
Page 393 and 394: EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
Page 395 and 396: EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
Page 397 and 398: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
Page 399 and 400: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
Page 401: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
Page 405 and 406: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
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Page 409 and 410: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
Page 411 and 412: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
Page 413 and 414: indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
Page 415 and 416: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
Page 417 and 418: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
Page 419 and 420: LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
Page 421 and 422: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
Page 423 and 424: LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
Page 425 and 426: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
Page 427 and 428: LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
Page 429 and 430: CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
Page 431 and 432: are, however, not equally palatable
Page 433 and 434: LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
Page 435 and 436: LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
Page 437 and 438: LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
Page 439 and 440: LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
Page 441 and 442: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
Page 443 and 444: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
Page 445 and 446: LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
Page 447 and 448: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
Page 449 and 450: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
Page 451 and 452: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
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LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
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APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
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Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
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INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
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Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
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Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
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Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
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Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
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Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
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Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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