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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377
The following were noted by Lesdain and other workers :
On iron Xanthoria parietina, Physcia obscura and var. virella, Ph.
ascendens, Placodium (fiavescens) sympageum, PL pyraceum, PL citrinum,
Candelariella vitellinum, Rinodina exigua, Lecanora campestris, L. umbrina,
L. galactina, Lecania erysibe, Bacidia inundata. Xanthoria parietina is one
of the commonest wandering species; it was found by Richard 1 on an old
cannon lying near water, that was exfoliated by rust.
On tar Lecanora nmbrina.
On charcoal Rinodina exigua, Lecanora umbrina.
On bones Xanthoria parietina, Physcia ascendens, Ph. tenella, Placodium
citrinum, PL lacteum, Rinodina exigua, Lecanora galactina, L. dispersa, L.
nmbrina, Lecania erysibe, L. cyrtella, Acarospora pruinosa, A. Heppii, Bacidia
inundata, B. muscorum, Verrucaria anceps, V. papillosa.
In Arctic regions in Ellesmere Land and King Oscar Land, Darbishire 2
found on bones : Lecanora varia, L. Hageni, Rinodina turfacca and Buellia
parasema (disciformis). He could not trace any effect of the lichens on the
substratum.
On charcoal Rinodina exigua, Lecanora umbrina.
On dross or clinkers Parmelia dubia, Physcia obscura, Ph. ascendens
f. tenella, Ph. pulverulenta, Xanthoria parietina, Placodium pyraceum, PL
citrinum, Rinodina exigua, Lecanora dispersa, L. umbrina, Lecania erysibe.
On glass 3
Physcia ascendens f. tenella, Buellia canescens. Richard has
recorded the same lichens on the broken glass of walls and in addition :
Xantlioria parietina, Lecanora crenulata, L. dispersa, Lecania erysibe, Rinodina
exigua, and Buellia canescens.
On earthenware, china, etc. Physcia ascendens f. tenella, Lecanora
umbrina, L. dispersa, Lecania (? Biatorind) cyrtella, Verrucaria papillosa,
Bacidia inundata.
On leather Nearly fifty species or varieties were found by Lesdain on
old leather on the dunes. Cladonias, Parmelias and Physcias were well represented
with one Evernia and a large series of crustaceous forms. He
adds a note that leather is an excellent substratum
: lichens covered most
of the pieces astray on the dunes. Similar records have been made in
Epping Forest by Paulson and Thompson 4 who found Cladonia fi mbriata
var. tubaeformis and Lecidea granulosa growing on an old boot. These
authors connect the sodden condition of the leather with its attraction for
lichens.
On pasteboard Even on such a transient substance as this Lesdain
found a number of forms, most of them, however, but poorly developed :
Cladonia furcata (thallus), Parmelia subaurifera (beginning), Xanthoria
parietina (beginning), Physcia obscura, Placodium citrinum (thallus), PL
1 Richard 1877.
2 Darbishire 1909.
3 Cf. p. 234.
4 Paulson and Thompson 1913.