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Abrothallus De Not., 267 A. Cetrariae Kotte, 264 A. oxysporus Tul., 263 A. Peyritschii Kotte, 264 A. Smithii Tul., 263 Acanlhothedum Wain., 322 Acarinae, 271, 397 Acarospora Massal., 183, 331, 390 A. chlorophana Massal., 374, 375, 390 A. glaucocarpa Koerb. , 176 A. Heppii Koerb., 377 A. pruinosa (Sm.), 377 A. 'smara^dula Massal. , 388, 393 A.xanthophana (Nyl.), 242 Acarosporaceae, 310, 331 Acarus, 395 Acharius, i, 10, 123, 120, 133, 141, 149, 150, 185, 192, 304 Acolium, S. F. Gray, 277 Acrocordia gemmata Koerb., 152 (Fig. 906) Acroscyphus, Lev., 320 A. sphaerophoroides Lev., 289 Actlnoplaca Miill.-Arg., 327 Acton, xix, 57 Adanson, 9 Aesculus, 253 Agardh, C- A., xx, 21 Agyrium flavescens Rehm, 266 Aigret, 125, 371, 384 Alectoria Ach., 85, 94, 101, 103, 200, 257, 300, 340, 346, 350, 352 A. implexa Nyl., 227 A.jnbata Ach ,3, in, 401, 411 A. nigncans Nyl., 346, 389 A. ochroleuca Ach., 227, 389 A. thrausta Ach., 105 (Fig. 60) Alectoriaceae, 339 Allarthonia Nyl., 321 AUarthothelium Wain., 321 Allescher, 201 Almquist, 262 Ambergris, 419 Amoreux, 10, 407, 415, 418, 420 Amphidinm Nyl., 335 Aviphiloma Koerb., 325 Anaboena Bory, 41 Anaptychia Koerb., 341 (see Physcia) Anapyrenium Miill.-Arg., 315 Anema Nyl., 333, 373 Angiocarpeae, 156 Anthoceros L., 41 Anthracothecium Massal., 316, 350 Anzia Stiz., 90, 299, 339 A. colpoctes Stiz., 90 A. japonica Miill.-Arg., 90 Archer, 28 Arctomia Th. Fr , 334 Argopsislh. Fr., 105, 135, 297, 330 INDEX Arnold, 18, 261, 342, 343, 364, 368, 370, 407 Arnoldea minutula Born., 190 (Fig. 108) Arnott, Walker, 15 Artari, 39, 42 Arthonia Ach., 158, 203, 278, 305, 321, 343, 361 A. astroidea Ach., 202 A. cinnabarina Wallr. (see A. gregarid], 349 A. dispersa Nyl., 365 A. gregaria Koerb., 247, 248 A. lecideella Nyl., 365 A. pruinosa Ach., 145 A. rattiata Ach., 78, 365 A. subvarians Nyl., 262 Arthoniaceae, 59, 278, 309, 321 Arthoniopsis Miill.-Arg., 321 Arlhopyrenia Massal., 30, 316 A.fallax Am., 365 A. halizoa A. L. Sm., 383 A. haloJytes Oliv., 383 A. leptotera A. L. Sm., 383 A. macrospora Fink, 365 A. marina A. L. Sm., 383 A. punctiformis Arn., 346, 365 A. quinqueseptata Fink, 365 Arthotheliopsis Wain., 327 Artholheliuin Massal., 321 Ascolichens, 272, 273, 281, 308, 311 Ascomycetes xix, 178 et passim Ascophanus carneus Boud. 1 80 , Aspergillus Micheli, 220 Aspicilia Massal., 133, 136, 140 (see Lecanora} A. alroviolacea (Flot.) Hue, 158 A.fiavida (Hepp), 248 Aspidoferae, 9 Aspidopyrenium Wr ain., 314 Aspidothelium Wain., 314 Aster istion Leight., 337 Asterosporum Mull.-Arg., 316 Asterothyrium Miill.-Arg., 327 Astrotheliaceae, 309, 317, 352 Astrothelium Trev. ,317 Athalami, 305 Aulaxina Fee, 322 Azolla Laur., , 41 Babikoff, 138 Babington, 18, 350 Bachmann, E., 35, 75, 76, 215, 216, 235, 247, 347, 393 Bachmann, Freda, 162, 179, 181, 186 Bacidia, De Not., 329 B. acdinis (Flot.), 248 B . Beckhausii Koerb., 262 B. flavovirescens Anzi, 280 B. fuscoriibella Arn., 249, 365 B. inundata Koerb., 372, 373, 377, 391, 392 B. muscorum Mudd, 248, 368, 370, 377 B. rubella Massal., 365
Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers., 123, 293, 294, 330 B. paeminosus Krempelh., 55 B. placophyllus Ach. , 293, 368 B. roseus Pers., 123, 167, 195, 218, 247, 362, 367, 368, 369 B. rufus, DC., 123, 167, 177, 218, 237, 240, 362, 368, 369 Baranetzky, 24 Bary, de, 24, 31, 187, 209, 213 Bauhin, J., 419 Bauhin, K., 3 Baur, 51, 115, 118, 124, 161, 165, 167, i68i 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 180, 181, 185, 255 Beckmann, 230, 257 Beechey, 15 Beetle-mites, 397 Beijerinck, 39, 220 Beilstein, 211 Belonia Koerb., 316 Berg, 211 Berkeley, 252, 404 Berzelius, 210 Betula nana L., 95 Bialosuknia, 57 Biatora Koerb., 158, 279, 293 (see also Lecidea), 39' Biatorella Th. Fr., 331 B. dnerea Th. Fr., 375 B. pruinosa Mudd, 217 (Fig. 119) B, resinae Th. Fr., 355 B. simplex Br. and Rostr., 217 (Fig. 118) B. testudinea Massal., 375 Biatorina Massal., 245, 291 B. Bonteillei Arn., 363 B. chalybeia Mudd, 386 B. coeruleonigricans A. L. Sm., 367 B. globulosa Koerb., 378 B. lentictilaris Koerb., 383 B. prasina Syd., 33, 61 B. (denigrata) synothea Koerb., 33, 204 Bilimbia, aromatica Jatta, 349 B. incana A. L. Sm., 343 B. microcarpa Th. Fr., 262 B. obscurata Th. Fr., 262 B. sabulosa Massal., 370 B. sphaeroides Koerb., 385 Bioret, 320 Birger, see Nilson Bitter, 64, 79, 94, 97, 131, 140, 143, 147, 148, 149, 151, 176, 240, 242, 253, 257, 261, 267, 337, 397 Blackman, 206 Blackman and Welsford, 179 Blastenia Th. Fr., 340 Blastodesmia Massal., 316 Bohler, 415 Bombyliospora De Not., 329 Bonnier, 29, 36, 47, 65, 189, 232, 253 Bornet, 27, 28, 32, 36, 61, 78, 136, 189 Borrer, 12, 14 Borrera, see Physcia Borzi, 28, 161, 164 Botrydina vulgaris Breb. , xix, 57 Botrydium pyriforme Kiitz., 45 Bottaria Massal., 317 S. L. INDEX 449 Bouilhac, 42, 140 Braconnot, 214 Brandt, 103, 130 Braun, Fr., 354 Braun, L., 393 Brefeld, 189, 207 Brez, 395 Brooks, F. T., 64, 179 Brown, E. W., 402 Brown, W. H., 168 Bryopogon, see Oropogon Bryum L., 392 Buchet, 90 Buddie, 4 Buellia, De Not., 263, 280, 291, 302, 308, 341, 347 B. aethalea Th. Fr., 261 B. atrata Mudd, 245, 375 B. canescens De Not., 80, 366, 377, 380, 399, B. colludens Tuck., 382, 386 B. coradna Koerb., 375 B. discolor Koerb., 388 B. leptocline Koerb., 374 B. myriocarpa Mudd, 50, 346, 366, 369 B. parasema Th. Fr., 365, 367, 377 B. Parmeliarum Oliv., 263 B. pnnftiformis, 50, 202, 207 (Fig. 118) B. ryssolea A. L. Sm., 380, 382 (Fig. 125) B. stellulata Mudd, 382, 388 B. triphragmia Th. Fr., 390 B. turgescens Tuck., 367 B. verruculosa Mudd, 261 Buelliaceae, 311, 341 Buxbaum, 6, 10 Buxus sempervirens L., 353 Cactus, 325, 353 Calenia Miill.-Arg., 338 Caliciaceae, 62, 115, 175, 189, 244, 288, 309, 3 '9. 353, 366 Calicium De Not., 184, 201, 277, 319, 361 C. arenariitm Nyl. , 376 C. corynellum Ach., 376 C. hyferelltim Ach., 349, 365 C. partednum Ach., 202, 367 C. Irachelinum Ach., 196, 202, 204 Calkins, 348, 403 see Cal/opisma, Platodium Calluna Salisb., 95, 355 Caloplaca Th. Fr. (see P/aeodium), 340 C. aitrantia, var. callopisma Stein., 190 C. gilvella (Nyl.), 2 76 C. inteneniens Miill.-Arg., 276 C. pyraceat\L. Fr., 34, 388 Caloplacaceae, 311, 340 Calothricopsis Wain., 333 Calyddium Stirt., 289, 320 C. cuneatum Stirt., 350 Camellia L., 269 Camerarius, i Camillea Fr., 276 Campylidium ,191 Campylothelium Miill.-Arg., 317 Candelaria Massal., 339 C. concolor Wain., 365, 388, 399 Candelariella Miill.-Arg., 338 C. cerinella A. Zahlbr., 390
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Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
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LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
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PREFACE THE publication of this vol
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viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
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x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
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xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
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xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
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xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
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CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
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xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
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xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
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xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
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xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
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xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
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2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
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4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
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6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
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8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
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I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
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12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
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I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
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16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
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I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
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CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
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22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
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3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
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6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
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;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
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72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
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74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
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;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
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78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
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8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
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82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
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84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
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86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
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88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
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MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
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9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
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94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
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96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
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9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
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100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
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102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
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104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
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APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
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DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
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DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
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SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
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SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
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SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
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SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
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SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
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SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
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SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
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SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
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CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
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GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
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GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
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GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
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GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
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ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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251
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GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
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GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
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DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
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Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
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Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
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Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
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NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
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DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
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DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
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DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
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DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
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FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
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indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
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LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
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CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
Page 431 and 432: are, however, not equally palatable
Page 433 and 434: LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
Page 435 and 436: LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
Page 437 and 438: LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
Page 439 and 440: LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
Page 441 and 442: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
Page 443 and 444: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
Page 445 and 446: LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
Page 447 and 448: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
Page 449 and 450: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
Page 451 and 452: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
Page 453 and 454: LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
Page 455 and 456: APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
Page 457 and 458: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
Page 459 and 460: BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
Page 461 and 462: BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
Page 463 and 464: BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
Page 465 and 466: BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
Page 467 and 468: BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
Page 469 and 470: BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
Page 481: BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
Page 485 and 486: INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
Page 487 and 488: Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
Page 489 and 490: Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
Page 491 and 492: Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
Page 493 and 494: Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
Page 495 and 496: Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
Page 497 and 498: Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
Page 502 and 503: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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