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460 INDEX Placodium pyracewn Anzi, 369, 377 P. rupestre Br. and Rostr., 301 P. subfruticulosum Elenk., 347 P. sympageum, see P.flavescens P. tegularis (Ehrh.) Darbish., 379, 384 P. teicholytum DC., 369 Placodium Hill (non DC.), 8 Placodium Web. (non DC.), 9 P. Garovagli (Koerb.) Fried., 8 1 P. saxicolum S. F. Gray, 146, 168; see Lecanora Placolecania Zahlbr., 338 Placothelium Miill.-Arg., 285, 319 Placynthium Ach., 336 P. nigrum S. F. Gray, 248, 373 Plagiothecium sylvaticum Buch. and Schimp., 237 Plagiotrema Miill.-Arg., 317 Platygrapha Nyl. , 325 see Cetraria Platysma Nyl., 8, 200, 257; P. commixtum Nyl., 375 P. corniculatum Hill, 8 P. Fahlunense Nyl., 375 P. glaucum Nyl., 10, 375, 376, 418 P. lacunosa Nyl., 375 Pleospora collematum Zuk., 163, 266 Pleurococcus Menegh. (?), 22, 29, 62 P. Naegeli Chod., 28 P. vulgaris Menegh., 28, 55 (Fig. 22), 223 P. vulgaris Naeg., 28 Pleurocybe Mull.-Arg., 320 P. madagascarea A. Zahlbr., 289 Pleurothelium Miill.-Arg., 317 Plenrotrema Miill.-Arg., 317 Plot, 4 Plowright, 207 Plukenet, 5 Poa eompressa L., 393 Podtiridae, 256 Polyblastia Massal., 48, 314 P. catalepta (Ach.) Fuist., 30 P. Vouauxi Lesd., 378 Polyblastiopsis Nyl., 316 Polycauliona Hue, 339, 340, 346 P. regale Hue, 339, 346 Polycaulionaceae, 339 Polychidium A. Zahlbr., 284, 332 Poly coccus Kiitz., 24 P. punctiformis Kiitz., 24, 54, 61 Polyporus Mich., 261 Polysticlus versicolor (Fr.), 152 Polystigma rubrum DC., 178, 207 Polystroma Clem., 326 P. Ferdinandezii Clem. , 326 Polytrichum L., 392 P. commune L. f 237 Polyxenus, 270 Porina Ach., 204, 316 P. lectissima A. Zahlbr., 249, 251, 392 P. olivacea A. L. Sm., 159 (Fig. 90 A) Porocyphus Koerb., 332 PororuaVfiOA., 13, 178 Porta, 5 Porter, 109, 270 Prasiola Ag., 60, 309, 315 P.parietina Wille, 60 (Fig. 33) Prasiolaceae, 60 1 1 Propagula, Protocaliceaceae, 277 Protococcaceae, 55, 288, 291, 309, 310, 313 et seq., 353 36 3 Protococcus Ag., xx, 28, 56, 62, 63, 65, 287 P. botryoides Kirchn., 65 P. -viridis Ag., 22, 28, 44, 48 (Fig. 15), 55, (Fig. 22), 65, 313 Pseudopyrenula Miill.-Arg., 316 Psocus, 397 Psora (Lecided) decipiens Hook., 388 Psorella Miill.-Arg., 329 Psoroglaena Miill.-Arg., 315 Psoroma S. F. Gray, 136, 285, 286, 335 P. hypnorum S. F. Gray, 63, 8i, 88, 89, 135, 246, 283, 370 Psoromaria Nyl., 285, 286, 335 Psorotichia Massal., 68, 163, 333, 373 Ps. higubris Dal. Tor. and Sarnth., 375 Ps. lutophila Arn., 368 Psychides, 399 Pterygiopsis Wain., 332 Pterygium Nyl., 333 Pt. Kenmorensis A. L. Sm., 392 Ptychographa Nyl., 321, 322 Pulteney, 4, 14 Pulvis antilyssus, 407 Pulvis Cyprius, 419 Pycnothelia ( Cladonia] papillaria Duf., 369 Pyrenastrum Eschw., 317 Pyrenidiaceae, 53, 54, 275, 285, 309, 319 Pyrenidium Nyl., 285, 319 P. actinellum Nyl., 99 Pyrenocarpeae, 158, 273, 308 Pyrenocarpei, 306, 307, 353 Pyrenocarpineae, 273, 275, 288, 308 Pyrenocollema Reinke, 334 Pyrenographa Miill.-Arg., 323 Pyrenolichens 159, 241, 276, 352, 391 Pyrenomycetes 158, 267, 273 Pyrenopsidaceae, 282, 284, 310, 352 Pyrenopsidium Forss., 333 Pyrenopsis Nyl., 60, 68, 163, 175, 333 P. haematopis Th. Fr., 195 P. impolita Forss., 175 P. phaeococca Tuck., 175 Pyrenothamnia Tuck., 99, 315 P. Spraguei Tuck., 288 Pyrenothamniaceae, 309, 315 renothea Ach., 192 thrix Riddle, 319 enula Ach., 200, 316 P. tinerella Fink, 365 P. leucoplaca Koerb., 365 P. nitida Ach., 174, 194, 240, 255, 350, 354, 3 6 4, 365 P. thelena Fink, 365 Pyrenulaceae, 50, 276, 309, 316, 365 Pyrgidium Nyl., 319 P. bengalense Nyl., 353 Pyrgillus Nyl., 289, 320 Pyronema Carus., 167 P. confluens1v\., 178 Pyxidium Hill, 8 Pyxine Nyl., 301, 341 P. Cocoes Nyl., 353 P. Meissnerii Tuck., 353
Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 359 Q. Douglasii, 359 Racodium Pers., 35, 328 K. rupestre Pers., 291, 328 Radais, 42 Ramalina Ach., 3, 84, 103, no, 195, 213, 238, 244, 257, 270, 305, 340, 347, 348, 351, 359, 361, 363 R.calicaris Fr., 3, 104, 147, 210, 353, 355, 365, 366, 418, 419 A', ceruchis De Not., 103 R. Curnowii Cromb., 104, 109 A*. cuspidataN'y\,\ 225, 271 (seeR.siliquosa),^^ R. dilacerata Hoffm., 106, 130 R. Eckloni Mont., 130 R. evernioides Nyl., 103, 300 A'.farinaceaAch., 10,239, 2 ^9> 271,353, 3^6, 400, 411 R.fastigiata Ach., 109, 365, 366, 400, 411 R.fraxinea Ach., 104, 106, 130 (Fig. 75 A), 155, 164, 170, 195, 200, 212, 215, 300, 355, 365, 366, 400, 411. 418 A', gracilenta Ach., 349 R. homalea Ach., 103 A'. Landroensis Zopf, 109, 130 A 1 , mimtscula Nyl., 103 (Fig. 62), 147 R. pollinaria Ach., 109, 227, 349, 366 R. reticulata Krempelh., 33 (Fig. u), 99, 106 (Fig. 64), 253, 257, 359 A', scopulorum Ach., see R. siliquosa R. siliqitosa A. L. Sm. , 104, 109 (Fig. 65), 130, 224, 225, 271, 300, 379 (Fig. 122), 381 (Figs. 123, 124) A', strepsilis Zahlbr., 104, 130 (Fig. 75 B) R. subfarinacea Nyl., 380 R. tertiaria Engelh., 354 Ramalinaceae, 339 Ramalinites lacerns Braun, 354 Ramalodei, 306 Romania Stizenb. , 328 Rathapu, 403 Ray, 4 , 407, 409 Rees, 27 Rehm, 277 Reindeer, 401 Reindeer moss, 400 et passim Reinke, 18, 31, 41, 68, 123, 125, 130, 144, 253, 277, 284, 291, 307, 324 Reinkella Uarbish., 83, 324 Relhan, 9 Rhabdopsora Mtill.-Arg., 319 Rhizina unditlata Fr. , 181 Rhizocarpon Ramond, 248, 302, 329, 341 A", alboatrum Th. Fr., 365, 369, 373, 383 A', concentricum, see R. petraettm R. confervoides DC., 71 (Fig. 38 A, B), 369, 386 R. distinctnm Th. Fr., 261 R. epipolium (Ach.), 265 R. geographicum DC., 73, 74 (Figs. 40, 41), 226, 236, 243, 246, 249, 252, 261, 264, 291, 346, 372, 374, 37 6 - 38o A", obscuratum Massal., 392 A'. Oederi Koerb., 375 A', petraenm Koerb. (?), 374 Jf.petraeumM&ssai., 171 (Fig. 97), 375, 392 INDEX 461 Rhizocarpon viridiatrum Koerb., 249, 37*, 3/6 Rhizomorpha Roth, 12 Rhymbocarpus pututiformis Zopf, 164 Ricasolia De Not., 94 (see Lobaria), 168, 175 R. amplissima De Not., 133, 134 (Fig. 76), '95, 197- 357 R. lattevirens Leigh t., 357 Richard, 377, 411 Richardson, Dr, 6 Richardson, Sir John, 388 Riddle, 137 Rinodina S. F. Gray, 301, 302, 341, 371 A', archaea Wain., 346 A'. Conradi Koerb., 370 R. f i a s - F. ? S? Gray, 366, 367, 377, . 383. 384 A', isidioides Oliv., 301 R. oreina Wain., 301, 374, 390 R. sophodes Th. Fr., 367 A', turfacea Th. Fr., 262, 377 Rivularia, 55, 136, 138, 284, 333 A'. Biasolettiana, 54 (Fig. 21) A', minutula Born, and Fl., 54 (Fig. 21) R. nitida Ag. , 55 Rivulariaceae, 54 Roccella DC., 3, 34, 35, 83, 103, 200, 125, 233, 242, 278, 292. 324, 351, 359, 363 R.fudformis DC., 83 (Fig. 45), 98 (Fig. 57), 101, no, 227, 228, 349, 350, 412 R.fucoidfs Wain., 349, 350 A'. Alontagnei Bel., 213, 413 R. , peritensis Kremp. 413 A', phycopsis Ach., 1 10 ; see R. futaides R. portentosa Mont., 413 R. sinnensis Nyl., 413 R. tinctoria DC., 213, 215, 227, 349, 350, 413 (Fig- '33) Roccellaceae, 59, 83, no, 279, 290, 309, 333 Roccellaria Darbish., 323, 324 Roccellina Darbish., 83, 290, 323, 324 Roccellographa Stein., '83, 290', 323, 324 Rock tripe, 404 Roebuck, 401 Ronceray, 213, 413 Rosendahl, 86, 90, 93, 129, 170, 176, 214, 218, 249 Roses, spirit of, 419 Roy, 41 1 Ruel, 2 Rupp, 5 Russula Pers., 161 Sachs, 17, 23 Sagedia, see Verntcaria S. declivum Arn., 251 Sagiolechia Massal., 328 Salix repens L., 357 Salter, 51, 393 Sandstede, 233, 384, 385 Sappin-Troufty, 207 Sarcographa Fee, 323 Sarcographina Miill.-Arg., 323 latericola Stein., 76 Sarcogyne ( = Biatorella) Sarcopyrenia Nyl., 314 Saltier, 113, 173, 296, 358 Schade, 376 Schaerer, 15, 192
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Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
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LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
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PREFACE THE publication of this vol
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viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
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x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
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xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
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xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
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xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
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CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
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xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
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xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
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xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
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xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
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xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
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2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
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4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
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6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
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8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
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I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
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12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
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I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
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16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
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I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
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CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
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22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
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3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
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6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
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;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
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72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
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74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
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;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
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78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
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8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
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82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
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84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
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86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
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88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
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MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
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9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
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94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
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96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
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9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
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100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
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102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
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104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
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APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
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DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
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DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
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SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
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SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
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SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
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SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
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SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
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SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
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SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
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SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
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CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
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GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
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GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
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GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
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GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
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ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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251
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GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
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GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
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DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
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Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
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Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
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Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
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NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
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DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
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DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
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DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
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DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
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FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
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indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
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LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
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CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
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are, however, not equally palatable
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LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
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LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
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LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
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LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
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LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
Page 443 and 444: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
Page 445 and 446: LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
Page 447 and 448: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
Page 449 and 450: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
Page 451 and 452: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
Page 453 and 454: LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
Page 455 and 456: APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
Page 457 and 458: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
Page 459 and 460: BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
Page 461 and 462: BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
Page 463 and 464: BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
Page 465 and 466: BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
Page 467 and 468: BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
Page 469 and 470: BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
Page 483 and 484: Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
Page 485 and 486: INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
Page 487 and 488: Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
Page 489 and 490: Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
Page 491 and 492: Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
Page 493: Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
Page 497 and 498: Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
Page 502 and 503: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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