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456 Lecideaceae, 135, 241, 279, 291, 298, 310, 327, 328, 341, 346, 353 Lecideales, 290, 308 Leciophysma Th. Fr., 334 Leighton, 16, 17, 18, 19, 134, 306, 342, 353, 388 Leiosoma palmicinctum, 397 Lemming rats, 401 Lemmopsis A. Zahlbr., 334 Lenzites Fr., 261, 371 Leorier, 41 1 Lepidocollema Wain., 81, 336 Lepidoptera, 399 Lepolichen Trevis., 318 L. coccophora Hue, 57, 318 L. granulatus Miill.-Arg., 318 Lepra Hall., 143 L. viridis Humb., 23 Lepraria Ach., 143, 237, 305 L. botryoides, xx L. chlorina, 376 Leprieur, 15 Leprocollema Wain., 285, 354 Leproloma Nyl., 325 Leptodendriscum Wain., 284, 332 Leptogidium Nyl., 284, 332, 350 L. dendriscum Nyl., 332 Leptogium S. F. Gray, 69, 84, 87, 232, 285, 335, 37 L. Burgessii Mont., 245 L. byssinum Nyl., 368 L. Hildenbrandii Nyl., 364 L. lacerum S. F. Gray, 243, 254, 373 L. myochrotim Nyl., 365 L. scolimim Fr., 385 L. tnrgidum Nyl., 385 Leptorhaphis Koerb., 263, 316 Lesdain, Bouly de, 140, 270, 271, 366, 369, 376, 398 Letharia A. Zahlbr., 84, 340 L. viilpina Wain., 95, 105, 226, 228, 246, 265, 349, 364, 410, 417 Lett, 19 Lettau, 225, 227, 369, 391, 417 Lichen, xxvi, i, 5, 9, 303 Lichen albineus Ludw. , 354 Lichen candelarius L., 371, 415 Lichen dneretis terrestris, 407 Lichen dichotomus Engelh., 354 Lichen diffusus Ludw., 354 Lichen gelatinosus Rupp, 6 Lichen juniperinus L.. 415 Lichen orbiculatus Ludw., 354 Lichen parietinus L., 371, 415 Lichen Roccella L., 415 Lichen saxatilis L., 415 Lichen tartareus L., 415 Lichen tenellus Scop., 371 Lichenacei, 306 Lichenes Coralloidei etc. Hall. , 7 Lichenodium Nyl., 334 Lichenoides, i, 6, 7, 304, 415 Lichenophoma Keisz., 201 Lichenoxanthine, 418 Lichina Ag., 163, 195, 201, 233, 281, 284, 334, 383 L. confinis Ag., 383, 384 L- pygfnaea Ag., 195, 201, 383 INDEX Lichinaceae, 55, 99, 310, 333 Ltchtnella Nyl., 354 Lightfoot, 9, 280/303, 407, 415 Limax, 396 Lindau, 18, 34, 36, 48, 64, 67, 78, 108, 149, 164, 168, 170, 176, 178, 184, 233, 269, 330 Lindsay, xx, 16, 17, 19, 120, 193,203, 252, 262, 266, 348, 354, 358, 391, 401, 415, 417 Link, 371 Linkola, 141 Linnaeus, 7, 142, 154, 304, 312, 392, 401, 409, Lister, 267 Listerellaparadoxa]2hn., 267 Lithographa Nyl., 322 Lithoicea Massal., see Verrucaria L. lecideoides Massal., 373 Lithothelium Miill.-Arg., 317 Litmus, 413 Lobaria Schreb., 136, 182, 287, 336 L. laciniata Wain., 133, 134 L. laelevirens A. Zahlbr., 2, 196 L. pulmonaria Hoffm., 2, 3, 10, 90, 96, 126 (Fig. 127), 130, 195, 252, 267, 336, 400, 406, 408, 411, 416, 418 L. scrobiculata DC., 130, 143 L'Obel, 2 Lopadiopsis Wain., 327 Lopadium Koerb., 191, 329 Lophothelium Stirt., 319 Loxa (Cinchona), 364 Ludwig, 354 Luffia lapidclla, 399 Lung-wort, 406, 409 Lutz, 1 08 Luyken, xx, 156, 184 Lycoperdaceae, 307 Lyell, 14 Lyngbya Ag., 136 Mackay, 13 McLean, 385 Macmillan, 357, 391 Maheu, 243, 387 Maire, 185, 186, 189 Malinowski, 74, 371, 374 Malme, 261 Malpighi, 5, 142, 155 Manna, 404, 422 Marchantia L., i, 5 Maronea Massal., 331 Martindale, 19 Martius, 15 Massalongia Koerb., 287, 335 Massalongo, 16, 188, 305 Massee, 308 Mastoidea Hook, and Harv., 315 Mastoidiaceae, 60, 309, 315 Mattirolo, 152 Maule, 162, 164 Mayfield, 368 Mazosia Massal., 59, 323 Mead, Richard, 407 Megalospora Mey. and Flot., 329 Melampydium Miill.-Arg., 325 Melanotheca Miill.-Arg., 317 Melaspilea Nyl., 321, 322
Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzger, 176, 240 Meyer, 13, 46, 51, 126, 143, I5 6, 187, 252, 258, 35 Micarea Fi:, see Biatorina Massal. Michael, 397 Michaux, 14 Micheli, i, 6, 142, 155 Microcystis Kiitz., 52, 319 Microglaena Lonnr., 314 Micrographa Miill.-Arg., 322 Microphiale A. Zalilbr., 328 -Wicrotkelia Koerb. , 316 Microtheliopsis Miill.-Arg., 318 Minks, 26 Minksia Miill.-Arg., 323 Mites, 395, 397 Miyoshi, 256, 403 J\Iniu>H hornutn L. , 65 (Fig. 35) Moebius, 62 Mohl, 185, 1 86 Molisch, 250 Moller, 49, 154, 196, 202, 203 J\Ioia orion, 399 Monas Lens, xx Monasats, Van Teigh. , 1 78 Montagne, 15 Moreau, xxi, 168, 175, 176, 212, 266 Moriola Norm., 313 Moriolaceae, 309, 313 Morison, i, 4, 5, 155, 304 Moss, 356 Mousse des Chenes, 418 Mudd, 16, 17, 19 Muenster, 354 Mtihlenberg, 14 Mulder, 210 Miiller(-Argau), 18, 26, 191, 192, 205, 278, 307, 353' 4r M filler, K. 212 ; Miillerella Hepp, 275 Mitsco-fnngns, \ Mnsens, i Must-its cranii huinani, 413 Musk, 419 Mycetozoon on Lichens, 267 Ulycoblastus Norm., 329 J/. sangitinarius Th. Fr., 188 ; see Lecidca Mycocalicium Rehm, 277 M. parietinuin Rehm, 277 Mycoconiocybe Rehm, 277 Mycoidea Cunningh., 35, 59, 309, 318, 352, 363 .}/. parasitica Cunningh., 36, 59 (Fig. 31), 60 Mycoideaceae, 59 Mycoporaceae, 309, 318, 352 Mycoporellum Zahlbr., 159, 3x8 Mycoporum Flot., 159, 276, 318 Mycosphatrella Johans., 39 Mycosphaerellaceae, 275 Myriangiacei, 306 Myxodictyon Massal., 338 Myxophyceae, xix, *i, 52-55, 60, 68, 272, 324, 385 Narcyria monilifera, 399 INDEX 457 Necker, 123, 154 Nees von Esenbeck, xxiv Neophyllis Wils., 330, 351 Nephroma Ach.,63, 135, 136, 169, 244,186, 337, 348 N. expallidum Nyl., 139 (Fig. 79) Nephromium Nyl., 63, 158, 175, 200, 122, 244, 283, 286, 337, 349, 351 N. laevigatutu Nyl., 195 N. lusitanicum Nyl., 218, 246 N. tomentosum Nyl., 87, 128, 169 Nephromopsis Miill.-Arg., 158, 244, 339 Neubert, 410 Neubner, 62, 175, 189, 188 Neuropogon Flot. and Nees, 346 Nienburg, 38, 64, 123, 166, 167, 168, 169, 177, 185, 196, 240 Nilson, 147, 151, 250, 358, 389 Norman, 16, 313 Normandina Nyl., see Corisciutn Normandina Wain., 315 Nostoc Vauch., 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 32, 41, 53, 61, 63, 69, 136, 138, 232, 246, 266, 285, yx^etseq., 396 N. coernlescens Lyngb., 53 (Fig. 18) N. lichenoides Kiitz., xx, 54 N. Linckia Born., 53 (Fig. 18) ff. sphaericum Vauch., 54 N. symbioticum, 45 Nostocaceae, 25, 53 Notaris, De, i, 15, 16 Notaspis lutontm, 397 Nyc tails Fr., 261 Nylander, xxi, 7, 8, 16, 18, 25, 30, 52, 126, 131, '35. 136, 152, 197, 228, 262, 306, 325, 350, 353, 3' 383 Nylanderitlla Hue, 315 Obryzum Wallr., 363 Ocellularia Spreng., 326 Ochrolechia Massal., 338 O. pa'.lescens Koerb., 187 (Fig. 106), 213 Ochrophaeae Wain., 295 Officinal barks, 15 Ohlert, 234 Oidia, 189 Olivier, 342 Omphalaria Dur. and Mont., 348, 3/3, 393 O. Heppii MUll., 63 O. pulvinata Nyl., 373 Oniscus, 396 Oospora Wallr., 45 Opegrapha Ach., n, 13, 35, 184, 304, 321, 321, 353- 354. 36 ' O. atra Pers., 15, 202 O. calcarea Turn., 383 O. endoleuca Nyl., 243 O. hapalea Ach., 243 O. saxicola Ach., 216, 219 O. subsiderella Nyl., 50, 202, 349 O. Thomasiana Goepp., 354 0. varia Pers., 354, 365 O. vulgata Ach., 30 O. zonata Koerb., 392 Opegraphella Miill.-Arg., 322 Orbilia coccinella Karst., 261 Orchil lichen, 412, 416
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Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
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LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
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PREFACE THE publication of this vol
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viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
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x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
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xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
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xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
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xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
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CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
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xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
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xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
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xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
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xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
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xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
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2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
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4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
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6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
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8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
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I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
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12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
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I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
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16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
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I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
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CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
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22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
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3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
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6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
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;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
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72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
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74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
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;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
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78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
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8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
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82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
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84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
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86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
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88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
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MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
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9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
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94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
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96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
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9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
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100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
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102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
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104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
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APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
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DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
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DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
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SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
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SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
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SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
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SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
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SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
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SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
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SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
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SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
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CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
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GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
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GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
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GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
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GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
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ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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251
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GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
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GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
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DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
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Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
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Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
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Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
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NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
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DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
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DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
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DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
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DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
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FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
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indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
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LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
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CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
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are, however, not equally palatable
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LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
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LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
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LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
Page 439 and 440: LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
Page 441 and 442: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
Page 443 and 444: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
Page 445 and 446: LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
Page 447 and 448: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
Page 449 and 450: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
Page 451 and 452: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
Page 453 and 454: LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
Page 455 and 456: APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
Page 457 and 458: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
Page 459 and 460: BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
Page 461 and 462: BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
Page 463 and 464: BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
Page 465 and 466: BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
Page 467 and 468: BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
Page 469 and 470: BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
Page 483 and 484: Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
Page 485 and 486: INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
Page 487 and 488: Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
Page 489: Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
Page 493 and 494: Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
Page 495 and 496: Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
Page 497 and 498: Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
Page 502 and 503: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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