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454 Herberger, 221 Herissey, 213 Herre, 230, 253, 349 Hesse, 12, 221, 224 Heterocarpon Mlill.-Arg., 315' Heterodea Nyl., 339 H. MullertNyl., 128, 299, 339, 350 Heterogenei, 303 Heteromyces Miill.-Arg., 293, 330 Heufleria Trev., 317 Hicks, 14. Hildenbrandtia Nardo, 73 Hill, Sir John, 8, 409 Hoffmann, 10, 154, 412, 415 Hofmann, 261 Holl, 19 Holle, 14, 46, 187 Holmes, 19, 422 Homogenei, 303 Homopsella Nyl., 334 Homothalami, 305 Homothecium Mont., 334 Hooker, 12, 15, 149 Hornschuch, xx, 156 How, 3 Howe, Heber, 85, 224, 348 Hudson, 7, 9, 303 Hue, ii, 16, 18, 33, 57, 63, 69, 73, 82, 85, 103, 133, '35. 136, 140, 188, 262, 283, 315, 325, 339. 34> 342, 347, 348, 360, 396, 418 Hulth, 215 Hutchins, 14 Hutchinson, 403 Hydrothyria Russ., 336 H. venosa Russ., 97, 175, 233, 286, 348, 390 Hymenobolina parasitica Zuk. , 267, 399 Hymenolichens, xix, 54, 152-154, 273, 281, 308, 3".335, 342 Hymenomycetes, xix, 153 et passim Hyphomycetes, xix, 191 Hypnum L., 392 H. cupressiforme L., 385 Hypogymnia Nyl., 94, 176 Hypoxylon Bull., 12 Hysteriaceae, 273, 307 Hysterium Tode, 12 Iceland Moss, 210, 401 et passim Icmadophila Massal., 166, 338 /. aeruginosa Mudd, see I. ericetorum I. ericetorum A. Zahlbr., 196, 244, 370 Illosporium carneum Fr., 268 Ingaderia Darbish., 324 Iris, white, 419 Isidium Ach., 149 '/. corallinum Ach., 149 /. Westringii Ach., 149 Istvanffi, 202, 206 Itzigsohn, 17, 23, 24, 193 Jaczewski, 353 Jasmine, oil of, 419 Jatta, 129 Jenmania Wacht., 333, 352 Jennings, Vaughan, 60 Jesuit's bark, 10 John, 250 INDEX Johnson, C. P., 401, 402 Johnson, W., 19 Johow, 153 fonaspis Th. Fr. , 328 Joshua, 19 Jumelle, 230, 238 Kajanus (Nilson), 151 Karschia Koerb., 280 K. destructans Tobl., 265 K. lignyota Sacc., 280 Keeble, 4 i Keegan, 224, 410 Keiszler, 201 Keller, 402 Kerner and Oliver, 215 Kieffer, 371 Kienitz-Gerloff, 51 Kihlman, 237, 358, 388, 401 Knop, 213, 247 Knop and Schnederman, 221 Knowles, 224, 249, 379, 384, 391 Kobert, 409, 410 Koelreuter, 155 Koerber, 14, 123, 142, 188, 305 Koerberia Massal., 334 Kotte, 264 Krabbe, 63, 113, 114, 119, 122, 123, 124, 143, 147, 162, 170, 172, 174, 176, 177, 253 Kratzmann, 214 Krempelhuber, i, 55, 244, 364 Kupfer, 261 Kutzing, 22 Laboulbenia Mont, and Robin, 178 Laboulbeniaceae, 178, 274 Lachnea scutellata Gill., 168 L. stercorea Gill., 178 Lacour, 211 Lang, 76, 216, 235 Larbalestier, 19 Laubert, 206 Laudatea Joh., 154 Laurera Reichenb., 317 Lecanactidaceae, 310, 325 Lecanactis Eschw., 204, 325 Lecania Massal., 136, 338 L. candicans A. Zahlbr., 80 (Fig. 43) L. cyrtella Oliv. , 377 L. erysibe Mudd, 377 L. holophaea A. L. Sm., 350 Lecaniella Wain., 327 Lecanora Ach., 78, 88, 200, 298, 305, 338, 347, 349- 351, 353, 364, 365, 372, 39 L. aquatica Koerb., 391 L. aspidophora f. errabunda Hue, 262 L. atra Ach., 63, 225, 249, 375, 380, 382 (Fig. 125), 384, 386, 393 L. atriseda Nyl., 261 L. atroflava, see Placodium L. aurella (Hoffm.), 262 L. badia Ach., 79, 375, 386 L. caesiocinerea Nyl., 218, 384 L. calcarea Somm., 218 (Fig. 120), 373, 396 L. campestris B. de Lesd., 361, 384 L, cenisia Ach., 375 L. cinerea Somm., 229, 349, 375
Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium L. coilocarpa Nyl. , 30 L.crassa Ach., 79, 81,201, 2 18,367, 368, 373,389 L. crenulata Hook., 361, 377 L. Dicksonii Nyl., 250, 375 L. dispersa Nyl., 261, 369, 377, 384 L. ejffusa Ach., 204 L. epanora Ach., 246 L. epibryon Ach., 378, 389 L. epulotica Nyl., 392 L. esculenta Eversm., 21 1, 257, 265, 298, 389, 404 (Fig. 130), 422 L. exigna, see Rinodina L.ferrnginea Nyl., 30 L. galactina Ach., 254, 384. 386 262, 360, 369, 377, L. gelida Ach., 135, 375 136, 137 (Fig. 77), 140, L. gibbosa Nyl., 375, 384, 386 L, glaucoma Ach., see L. sordida var. corrugata Nyl., 84 (Fig. 46) L. Hageni Ach., 366, 367, 369, 377, 383 L. hypnorum Ach., see Psoroma L. lacustris Th. Fr., 233, 250, 391, 392 L. lentigera Ach., 81, 90, 298, 367 L. muralis Schaer., 242 L. ochracea Nyl., 373 L. pallescens Mudd, 213' L. pallida Schaer., 78 L.parella Ach., 72, 375, 382, 384, 417 /,. peliocypha Nyl., 375 L. picea Nyl., 374 L.piniperda Koerb., 204 L. polytropa Schaer., 237, 376, 394 L. prosechoides Nyl., 383, 384 L. rubina Wain., 390 L. ragosa Nyl., 366 L. Samiuci VSyl., 204 L. saxicola Ach., 79, 80, 81, 233, 252, 349, 369, 384, 386, 393, 396 Z. simplex Nyl. (see Biatorella], 75, 77, 382 Z. smaragdula Nyl., 382 Z. sophodes Ach., 30; see Rinodina L. sordida Th. Fr., 194, 236, 261, 374, 375, 380, 382 L. squainulosa Nyl., 374 L. sitbfusca Ach., 22, 30, 49, 65 (Fig. 34), 70 Fj g- 88 )' l64. '66, 167, 168, (F'g- 57). W ( 2 3 6 > 347' 3 6 5> 3 66 L. sulphured Ach., 226, 238, 376, 384 L, tartarea Ach., 57, 147. 183 (Fig. 102), 224, 225, 227, 237, 262, 346, 358, 359, 371, 375. 387, 389, 414 (Fig. 134) L. umbrina Massal., 377, 385 L. upsaliensis Nyl., 387 L. urbana Nyl., 361 L. varia Ach., 227, 346, 360, 36?, 362, 366, 367. 377 L. ventosa, see Haematonuna L. verntcosa Laur., 378 L. xantholyta Nyl., 373 Lecanoraceae, 136, 311, 337, 353 Lecanorales, 297 Leddea Ach., 78, 184, 261, 279, 292, 304, 308, 328, 346, 347, 349, 351, 353. 3 64, 3^5, 372, 373, 385,. 39 L. aglaea Somm., 375 INDEX 455 Leddea albocoerulescens Ach., 392 L. alpestris Somm., 387 L. arctica Somm., 387 L. aromatica (see ftilimbia) L. atrofusca Nyl., 248, 387 L. auriculata Th. Fr., 375 L. Berengeriana Th. Fr-.'^Sj L. coarctata Nyl., 247 L. coeruleonigricans Schaer., 37} L. colludeus Nyl., 3*84 ; see Bui-Ilia L. confluens Ach., 375, 388 f. oxydata Leight., 250 L. consentiens Nyl., 134, 135 L. contigna Fr., 375, 376, 388, 392 v&i.jlavicunda Nyl., 250 L. crustiilata Koerb., 369' L. (Bilimbia) cuprea Somm., 387 L. cupreiformis Nyl., 387 L. dedpiens Ach., 291, 367, 368 L. dccolorans Floerk, see L. granulosa L. demissa Th. Fr. , 369, 387 /,. diduccns Nyl., 375 L. enterolenca Nyl., 164, 168, 365 L.fumosa Ach., 159 L.fuscoatra Ach., 200 (Fig. 114), 375 L. gelatinosa Floerk., 368 Z. granulosa Schaer., 218, 237, 269, 291, 36: 369. 37, 377 Z. grisella Floerk., 243 Z. helrola Th. Fr., 245 L. herbidnla Nyl., xxi L. iltita Nyl., 136 L. iinmena Ach., 217 (Fig. 117), 398 L. inserena Nyl., 375 L. insularis Nyl., 236, 261 Z. irregiilaris Fee, 192 L. Kochiana Hepp, 375 L. lapicida Ach., 375 L. lavata Nyl., 384 L. limosa Ach., 387 L. lucida Ach., 246, 376 L. lurida Ach., 79, 195, 241, 367 Z. mesotropa Nyl., 375 L. Metzlen"T\\. Fr., 398 Z. nigroclavata Nyl., 384 Z. ostreata Schaer., 79, 145, 291, 366 L. pallida Th. Fr., 135 L.panaeola Ach., 134, 135, 136, 375 /,. parasema Ach., 183 (Fig. 101), 366 L. pelobolrya Somm., 135, 136 Z. phylliscocarpa Nyl., 31 Z. phyllocaris Wain., 31, 327 Z. plana Nyl., 375 Z. platycarpa Ach., 375 Z. pycnocarpa Koerb., 375 Z. quernea Ach., 236, 349, 386 Z. rivulosa Ach., 374, 375, 376 Z. sanguinaria Ach., 187 (Fig. 105), 248 Z. sanguineoatra Ach., 370 Z. steilitlata Tayl., 376 Z. sulphurella Hedl., 242 Z. sylvicola Flot., 372 Z. testacea Ach., 195 (Fig. in) Z. tricolor Nyl. (Biatorina Grijfithii), 361 Z. tumida Massal., 375 Z. uliginosa Ach., 254, 291, 370, 385, 387 Z. wrnalis Ach., 66 (Fig. 35)
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Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
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LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
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PREFACE THE publication of this vol
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viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
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x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
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xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
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xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
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xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
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CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
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xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
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xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
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xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
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xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
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xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
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2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
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4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
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6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
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8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
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I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
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12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
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I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
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16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
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I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
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CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
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22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
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3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
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6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
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;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
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72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
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74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
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;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
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78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
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8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
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82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
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84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
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86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
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88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
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MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
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9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
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94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
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96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
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9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
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100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
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102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
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104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
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APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
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DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
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DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
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SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
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SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
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SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
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SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
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SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
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SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
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SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
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SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
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CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
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GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
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GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
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GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
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GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
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ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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251
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GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
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GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
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DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
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Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
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Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
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Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
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NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
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DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
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DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
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DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
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DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
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FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
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indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
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LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
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CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
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are, however, not equally palatable
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LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
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LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
Page 437 and 438: LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
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Page 441 and 442: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
Page 443 and 444: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
Page 445 and 446: LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
Page 447 and 448: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
Page 449 and 450: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
Page 451 and 452: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
Page 453 and 454: LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
Page 455 and 456: APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
Page 457 and 458: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CI
Page 459 and 460: BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
Page 461 and 462: BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
Page 463 and 464: BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
Page 465 and 466: BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
Page 467 and 468: BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
Page 469 and 470: BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
Page 483 and 484: Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
Page 485 and 486: INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
Page 487: Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
Page 491 and 492: Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
Page 493 and 494: Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
Page 495 and 496: Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
Page 497 and 498: Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
Page 502 and 503: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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