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422 APPENDIX in numbers of crustaceous thalli, there is evident, by normal or abnormal 1 development, the first advance to the formation of rudimentary squamules, a condition diagnosed as subsquamulose. "Deterioration" of the lichen plant when it occurs owing to unfavourable conditions is a reversion to the leprose early stage of the association ; there is no evidence of reversion from fruticose or foliose to squamulose. A glance at the table of lichen phyla 2 shows progression again and again from the crustaceous forms onwards. In such a phylum as Physciaceae (with colourless polarilocular spores) there is a clear example of a closely connected series; the different types of thallus crustaceous, squamulose, foliose and fruticose are all represented and form a natural sequence, being well delimited by the unusual form of the spore and by the presence of parietin in thallus or apothecium. That there has been development seems absolutely certain, and that along the lines sketched in the chapter on phylogeny. Progress has been mainly in the thallus, but there has also been change and advance in the reproductive organs, more especially in the spores which in several families reach a size and septation unparalleled in fungi. That association with green algal cells stimulated the fungus to new development is the view taken of the lichen plant and emphasized in the present volume. But it seems more in accordance with the polyphyletic origin and recurring parallel development in the phyla that association began at the elementary crustaceous stage, and that the lichen soma was gradually evolved within what is after all a very limited and simple structure. ADDENDUM FOOT-NOTE TO PAGE 404 E. M. Holmes 3 has published recently an account of a substance which seems in some respects to answer to the description of manna (Exodus xvi. ; Numbers xi.) more nearly than the generally accepted Lecanora escuhnta. The information is quoted from Swann's book: Fighting the slave-hunters in Central Africa. The author writes (p. 116): "I was shown a curious white substance similar to porridge. It was found early in the morning before the sun rose. On examination it was found to possess all the characteristics of the manna of the Israelites. In appearance it resembled coriander seed, was white in colour like hoar frost, sweet to the taste, melted in the sun and if kept over night was full of worms in the morning. It required to be baked if you intended to keep it for any length of time. It looked as if it was deposited on the ground in the night." The writer has suggested that "the substance might be mushroom spawn as, on the spot where it melted tiny fungi sprung up the next night." Swann's statement has been confirmed by Dr Wareham, a medical missionary from the same district, who states, however, that it is of rare occurrence. 1 See p. 271 ante. 2 See p. 302 ante. 3 Chemist and Druggist, xcn. pp. 25-26, 1920; Bot. Abstracts, N. 903, p. 135, 1920.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CITED IN THE TEXT Acharius, Erik. Lichenographiae Suecicae Prodromus. Linkoping, 1798. - Methodus Lichenes. Stockholm, 1803. - Lichenographia Universalis. Gottingen, 1810. - Synopsis Methodica Lichenum. Lund, 1814. Acton, E. Botrydina vulgaris Bre"b., a Primitive Lichen. Ann. Bot. XXlll. pp. 579-587, 1909. Adanson, M. Famille des Plantes. Paris, 1763. Agardh, C. A. Dissertatio de Metamorphosi Algarum. Lund, 1820. Aigret, Clem. Monographic des Cladonia de Belgique. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique, XL. pp. 43-213, 1901. Allescher, Andreas. Rabenhorst Krypt. Flora, I. 7. Leipzig, 1901-3. Almquist, S. Monographia Arthoniarum Scandinaviae. K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xvn. No. 6, 69 pp., 1880. Amoreux, D. M. Recherches et experiences sur les divers Lichens. Lyon, 1787. Arcangeli, G. Sulla Questione dei Gonidi. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. vn. p. 270, 1875. Archer, W. A Resume" of Recent Views respecting the Nature of Lichens. Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci. Xlll. pp. 217-235 (2 pis.), 1873. A Further Resume" of Recent Observations on the "Goniclia-Question." Op. cit. xiv. pp. 115-139, 1874. On apothecia occurring in some Scytonematous and Sirosiphonaceous Algae, in addition to those previously known. Op. cit. xv. p. 27 (i pi.), 1875. Arnaud, G. Sur la Cytologie du Capnodium meridionale et du mycelium des Fumagines. Comptes Rendus CLV. pp. 726-728 (figs.), 1912. Arnold, F. Lichenologische Fragmente xvi. Flora, LVII. pp. 81-89, etc -> etc., 1874. Die Lichenen des Frankischen Juras. Flora, XLI. etc., pp. 81, etc., 1858-1885. Separate publication, Regensburg, 323 pp., 1885. - Die Lichenen des Frankischen Jura. Denkschr. R. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensburg, vi. pp. 1-61, 1890. Zur Lichenenflora von Miinchen (Issued with the Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Munchen), Abth. I. 147 pp., 1891 ; II. 76 pp., 1892 ; III. 45 pp., 1897; IV. 82 pp., 1898; V. 100 pp., 1900; VI. 24 pp., 1901. Artari, A. Ueber die Entwickelung der griinen Algen unter Ausschluss der Bedingungen der Kohlensaure-assimilation. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou. Nouv. se"r. XIV. PP- 39-47, 1899- Zur Ernahrungsphysiologie der griinen Algen. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. XIX. pp. 7-9; 1901. Zur Frage der physiologischen Rassen einiger griiner Algen. Ges. XX. pp. 172-175, 1902. - Ueber die Bildung des Chlorophylls durch griine Algen. XX. pp. 201-207, I9Q2 2 . Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. Babikoff, J. Du Developpement des cdphalodies sur le thallus du lichen Peltigera aphthosa Hoffm. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Pe"tersbourg, xxiv. pp. 548-559 (' P'-), 1878. Babington, Churchill. Lichenes in the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage by Joseph Dalton Hooker. II. Flora Novae-Zelandiae, pp. 266-311 (8 pis.). London, 1855.
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Cambridge Botanical Handbooks Edite
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LICHENS BY ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L
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PREFACE THE publication of this vol
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viii CONTENTS II. LICHEN HYPHAE PAG
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x CONTENTS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY
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xii CONTENTS 2. PYRENOLICHENS a. De
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xiv CONTENTS C. SUPPLY OF INORGANIC
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xvi CONTENTS PAGE D. EVOLUTION OF A
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CONTENTS B. LICHENS AS MEDICINE ...
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xx GLOSSARY Discoid, disc-like, an
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xxii GLOSSARY Rhagadiose, deeply ch
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xxiv INTRODUCTION In the absence of
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xxvi INTRODUCTION the cortex have b
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xxviii INTRODUCTION species is a mo
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2 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY A seventh
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4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY the specie
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6 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY plants are
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8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY 5. "Coriac
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I0 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Extensive
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12 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY Among con
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I4 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY he howeve
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16 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY departure
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I8 HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY H. PERIOD
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CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICH
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22 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
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3o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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3 2 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THAL
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6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALL
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68 MORPHOLOGY or chondroid strands
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;o MORPHOLOGY II. STRATOSE THALLUS
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72 MORPHOLOGY bb. Formation of crus
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74 MORPHOLOGY marked by subsequent
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;6 MORPHOLOGY c. CHEMICAL NATURE OF
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78 MORPHOLOGY b. HYPOPHLOEODAL LICH
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8o MORPHOLOGY species of Dermatocar
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82 3. MORPHOLOGY FOLIOSE LICHENS A.
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84 MORPHOLOGY in the molecular cons
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86 MORPHOLOGY become almost or enti
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88 MORPHOLOGY fore, in the most fav
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MORPHOLOGY b. LOWER CORTEX. In some
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9 2 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of
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94 MORPHOLOGY or less characteristi
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96 MORPHOLOGY a. BY DEVELOPMENT OF
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9 8 MORPHOLOGY III. RADIATE THALLUS
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100 MORPHOLOGY In the two former th
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102 MORPHOLOGY thallus. It is also
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104 MORPHOLOGY sometimes as a conti
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io6 MORPHOLOGY fastigiate cortex as
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RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the
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RADIATE THALLUS in The sheath of R.
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 113 betwee
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS thus disti
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 117 areas
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 119 follow
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 121 a cont
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 123 consid
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STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS 125 the pr
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127
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STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS of s
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HYMENOLICHENS 153 recognized its af
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CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION I. REPRODUC
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarel
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159 is partiall
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS the vi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 163 or
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 165 fi
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 167 (2
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 169 ru
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 171 ti
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REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 br
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APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 175 also by
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DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 1
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DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 wall o
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 185 b. DEVEL
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 189 The deve
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LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 191 usually
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SPERMOGONIA 193 B. SPERMOGONIA AS M
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SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted port
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SPERMOGONIA 197 advanced stage the
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SPERMOGONIA 199 "pycnidial" non-sex
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SPERMOGONIA 201 paraphyses, and als
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SPERMOGONIA 203 successful, was ver
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SPERMOGONIA 205 He also regards as
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SPERMOGONIA 207 Lichen " spermatia
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CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY I. CELLS AND C
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 211 colouri
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 213 B. CONT
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 215 pustula
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 217 slices
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 219 pected
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 221 an excr
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 223 not abo
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 225 the tha
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 227 lecanor
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CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS 229 As an i
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GENERAL NUTRITION 231 c. FOLIOSE LI
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GENERAL NUTRITION 233 from atmosphe
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GENERAL NUTRITION 235 part of an ol
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GENERAL NUTRITION 237 Lecanora thal
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ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION 239 Ju
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 241 Wiesner
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 243 shade i
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ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS 245 inserti
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 247 In many cases
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COLOUR OF LICHENS 249 apothecia of
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251
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GROWTH AND DURATION 253 and suggest
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GROWTH AND DURATION 255 in the same
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DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 257 Crustace
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ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass t
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PARASITISM 261 other lichens. The c
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PARASITISM 263 there on the thallus
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PARASITISM 265 and found that they
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PARASITISM 267 observed. The mature
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DISEASES OF LICHENS 269 the upper c
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GALL-FORMATION 271 irritation excit
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ORIGIN OF LICHENS 273 B. ALGAL ANCE
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 275 B. RELATION
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 277 they are mo
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 279 as " hypoph
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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 281 lichen genu
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THE THALLUS 283 might become fertil
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THE THALLUS 285 there is but little
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THE THALLUS 287 Peltigera and Nephr
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THE THALLUS 289 genus Pyrgillus has
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THE THALLUS 291 aa. COENOGONIACEAE.
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THE THALLUS 293 are colourless and
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THE THALLUS 295 of the scyphus and
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THE THALLUS 297 His third group inc
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THE THALLUS 299 are composed of com
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THE THALLUS 301 species and forms a
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THE THALLUS 303 SCHEME OF SUGGESTED
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 305 The apothec
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 307 based on im
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 309 SERifcs i.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 311 b. Not gela
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 313 "pycnidia"
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 315 The gonidia
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 317 superficial
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 319 XIV. PYRENW
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 321 graplia} re
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 323 Thallus wit
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 325 XXIII. LECA
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 327 XXVIII. ECT
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Thallus crustaceous non-corticate.
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 331 which grows
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Thallus with Gloeocapsa gonidia. Th
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 335 XL. HEPPIAC
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 337 margin of t
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Thallus non-corticate below. FAMILI
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FAMILIES AND GENERA 341 XLIX. TELQS
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NUMBER OF LICHENS 343 or described
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DISTRIBUTION 345 but, as yet, has b
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DISTRIBUTION 347 as Cladoniae, Leca
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DISTRIBUTION 349 its habitat as "th
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DISTRIBUTION 351 lichens of Austral
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DISTRIBUTION 353 epiphyllous lichen
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FOSSIL LICHENS 355 which recalls so
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION 357 Ecological
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 359 observed th
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EXTERNAL INFLUENCES 361 South Lanca
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 363 I. ARBOREAL
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 365 whether of y
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 367 gained a foo
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LICHEN COMMUNITIES 369 On bare heat
Page 405 and 406: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 371 As already d
Page 407 and 408: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 373 Most calcico
Page 409 and 410: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 375 It will only
Page 411 and 412: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 377 The followin
Page 413 and 414: indifferently on any LICHEN COMMUNI
Page 415 and 416: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 123. Ramalina si
Page 417 and 418: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 383 width all ro
Page 419 and 420: LICHEN COMMUNITIES: 385 grass that
Page 421 and 422: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 387 above the ti
Page 423 and 424: LICHEN COMMUNITIES - C. crispa are
Page 425 and 426: LICHEN COMMUNITIES 391 country is D
Page 427 and 428: LICHENS AS PIONEERS 393 action of h
Page 429 and 430: CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL A.
Page 431 and 432: are, however, not equally palatable
Page 433 and 434: LICHENS AS FOOD 399 A minute organi
Page 435 and 436: LICHENS AS FOOD 401 The true reinde
Page 437 and 438: LICHENS AS FOOD 403 Iso-lichenin is
Page 439 and 440: LICHENS AS FOOD 405 20 cm. with irr
Page 441 and 442: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 407 The doctrin
Page 443 and 444: LICHENS AS MEDICINE 409 directions
Page 445 and 446: LICHENS IN INDUSTRY 411 D. LICHENS
Page 447 and 448: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 413 British s
Page 449 and 450: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 415 of rock-
Page 451 and 452: LICHENS AS DYE-PLANTS 417 boiling.
Page 453 and 454: LICHENS IN PERFUMERY 419 b. LICHENS
Page 455: APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII
Page 459 and 460: BIBLIOGRAPHY 425 Beyerinck, M. W. D
Page 461 and 462: BIBLIOGRAPHY 427 Crombie, J. M. On
Page 463 and 464: BIBLIOGRAPHY 429 Etard and Bouilhac
Page 465 and 466: BIBLIOGRAPHY 431 Gibelli, Giuseppe.
Page 467 and 468: BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 Hudson, W. Flora A
Page 469 and 470: BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 Krempelhuber, Augu
Page 471 and 472: BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 Malinowski, E. Sur
Page 473 and 474: BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 Nylander, W. Consp
Page 475 and 476: BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 Rosendahl, F. Verg
Page 477 and 478: BIBLIOGRAPHY 443 Steiner, J. Beitra
Page 479 and 480: BIBLIOGRAPHY 445 Watson, Sir W. An
Page 481 and 482: BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 Zukal, H. Das Zusa
Page 483 and 484: Bacotia septum, 399 Baeotnyces Pers
Page 485 and 486: INDEX Cladonia sqiiamosa Hoffm., 11
Page 487 and 488: Forssellia A. Zahlbr., 284, 333, 37
Page 489 and 490: Lecanora dtrina Ach., see Placodium
Page 491 and 492: Mereschkovsky, 258 Merrett, 3 Metzg
Page 493 and 494: Pentagenella Darbish., 83, 324 Perf
Page 495 and 496: Quercus alba, 359 Q. chrysolepis, 3
Page 497 and 498: Stigonema Ag., 23, 16, 54 (Fig. 20)
Page 502 and 503: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Lo
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