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2.7.4. Texture 4 (Loamy Sand) .................................................................................... 94 2.7.5. Texture 5 (Sand) ................................................................................................ 94 2.7.6. Texture 6 (Sandy Clay Loam)............................................................................ 96 2.7.7. Texture 7 (Sandy Loam) .................................................................................... 96 2.7.8. Texture 8 (Silt Loam)......................................................................................... 99 2.7.9. Texture 9 (Silty Clay) ...................................................................................... 103 2.7.10. Texture 10 (Silty Clay Loam).......................................................................... 103 2.7.11. Texture 11 (Silt)............................................................................................... 103 2.7.12. Texture 12 (Sandy Clay).................................................................................. 103 2.7.13. Texture 13 (Peat).............................................................................................. 103 2.8. Summary.......................................................................................................... 104 3. Monte Carlo Analysis .................................................................................... 105 3.1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 105 3.2. Analysis for Organic Carbon ........................................................................... 107 3.2.1. Texture-Temperature-WFP.............................................................................. 107 3.2.2. Texture-Temperature-WFP-pH........................................................................ 110 3.2.3. Texture-Temperature-WFP-Nitrate Concentration.......................................... 112 3.3. Discussion and Summary................................................................................. 116 4. Multi Regression Analysis............................................................................. 117 4.1. Principal Component Analysis ........................................................................ 117 4.2. Linear Multi-Regression .................................................................................. 119 4.2.1. Texture 1 (Clay)............................................................................................... 120 4.2.2. Texture 2 (Clay loam)...................................................................................... 122 4.2.3. Texture 3 (Loam) ............................................................................................. 124 4.2.4. Texture 4 (Loamy Sand) .................................................................................. 126 4.2.5. Texture 5 (Sand) .............................................................................................. 126 x
4.2.6. Texture 6 (Sandy Clay Loam).......................................................................... 128 4.2.7. Texture 7 (Sandy loam) ................................................................................... 128 4.2.8. Texture 8 (Silty Loam)..................................................................................... 131 4.2.9. Texture 9 (Silty Clay) ...................................................................................... 134 4.2.10. Texture 10 (Silty Clay Loam).......................................................................... 136 4.2.11. Texture 11 (Silt)............................................................................................... 138 4.2.12. Texture 12 (Sandy Clay).................................................................................. 138 4.2.13. Texture 13 (Peat).............................................................................................. 138 4.3. Summary.......................................................................................................... 138 5. Analysis using Neural Networks................................................................... 140 5.1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 140 5.2. Previous work .................................................................................................. 142 5.3. Building the neural network and code ............................................................. 143 5.4. Results .............................................................................................................. 146 5.4.1. Texture 1 (Clay)............................................................................................... 146 5.4.2. Texture 2 (Clay Loam)..................................................................................... 147 5.4.3. Texture 3 (Loam) ............................................................................................. 147 5.4.4. Texture 5 (Sand) .............................................................................................. 148 5.4.5. Texture 7 (Sandy Loam) .................................................................................. 149 5.4.6. Texture 8 (Silt Loam)....................................................................................... 150 5.4.7. Texture 9 (Silty Clay) ...................................................................................... 150 5.4.8. Texture 10 (Silty Clay Loam).......................................................................... 152 5.5. Summary.......................................................................................................... 152 6. Use of isotopes to estimate loss of nitrates due to denitrification. ............. 154 6.1. Use of dual isotopes to identify denitrification................................................ 154 6.2. Derivation of the method ................................................................................. 155 xi
Page 1 and 2: THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY ARTS A
Page 3 and 4: To my Dad, Mum and Brother iii
Page 5 and 6: Dr. Stephen Kish for his words of e
Page 7 and 8: 1.5. Evaluation of methods to estim
Page 9: 2.5.8. Texture 8 (Silt Loam).......
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Additional
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Oxidatio
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.51 8-20-84; Denitrificatio
Page 19 and 20: Figure 3.6 Probability plot (Textur
Page 21 and 22: Three statistical methods were used
Page 23 and 24: • Microbial biomass/ plant uptake
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.1 Oxidation of organic car
Page 27 and 28: possibility of denitrification (Smi
Page 29 and 30: 50ºC (36ºF - 122ºF) (Brady & Wei
Page 31 and 32: 1.2.6. Salinity Salinity is a known
Page 33 and 34: 1.3.1. The Acetylene inhibition met
Page 35 and 36: Among the variety of successful met
Page 37 and 38: a first-order decay process. The ma
Page 39 and 40: look at the data shows that it fail
Page 41 and 42: Da is the denitrification rate (mg
Page 43 and 44: a simple linear regression of organ
Page 45 and 46: of the annual N2O emission and deni
Page 47 and 48: easons for the limitation of the mo
Page 49 and 50: Table 1.2 Continued dC / dt Organic
Page 51 and 52: also implies that the transferabili
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER TWO 2. LINEAR REGRESSION An
Page 55 and 56: an improvement on the earlier attem
Page 57 and 58: 2.3. Texture Table 2.1 Soil Textura
Page 59 and 60: 2.3.5. Texture 5 (Sand) The surfici
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2.3.10. Texture 10 (Silty Clay Loam
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Textural Class Table 2.2 Coefficien
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R_d_n (kgN ha-1 d-1) R_d_n (kgN ha-
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2.4.3. Texture 3 (Loam) Texture 3 c
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R_d_n (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 3 Temp
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R_d_n (kgN ha-1 d-1) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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2.4.7. Texture 7 (Sandy Loam) The S
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Texture 7 Temperature 12 : Denitrif
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 9 Temper
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) 16 12 8 4 0 Text
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2.5. Break down by Texture, Tempera
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8-20-34 (n=3), 8-20-84 (n=4), 8-20-
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Subsets 9-7-100, 9-25-100 and 9-30-
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Texture 10 Temperature 25 WFP 100 :
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a significant linear relationship b
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-
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C9 Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) 12 10 8 6 4 2
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 10 Tempe
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2.6.11. Texture 11 (Silt) No data a
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2.7.6. Texture 6 (Sandy Clay Loam)
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 8 Tepera
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 8 Tepera
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2.8. Summary The correlation coeffi
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where, M is the slope of the linear
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Hence for the first set of equation
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3.2.2. Texture-Temperature-WFP-pH T
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Organic Carbon (%) Actual Rdn Gener
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R dn Results C = 9.389 - 3.210* M -
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The actual denitrification values f
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Eigenvalue 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
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R indicated by the significant code
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R Table 4.5 Comparison of actual an
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Table 4.8 Texture 2, Comparison of
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Table 4.11 Comparison of actual and
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The two equations are applied to th
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R R dn dn = - 0.05 ∗Temperature (
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Table 4.19 Texture 8, Linear multi-
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Table 4.20 Continued Actual Rdn Pre
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Once again the equations developed
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4.2.11. Texture 11 (Silt) No data a
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CHAPTER FIVE 5. ANALYSIS USING NEUR
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Figure 5.2 McCulloch-Pitts (Meyer-B
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developed. In order to control over
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Eventually the final set of network
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5.4.4. Texture 5 (Sand) Figure 5.5
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5.4.6. Texture 8 (Silt Loam) Figure
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5.4.8. Texture 10 (Silty Clay Loam)
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CHAPTER SIX 6. USE OF ISOTOPES TO E
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18 ⎛ ⎛ ⎜ O ⎞ 16 ⎜ ⎜ ⎟
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Figure 6.1 Estimation of Nitrate Lo
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δ 18 O 12 10 8 6 4 2 Table 6.1 Egg
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δ 18 O 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.
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CHAPTER SEVEN 7. APPLICATION TO JAC
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7.2. Multiple Regression Three equa
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Table 7.4 Multi-Regression and Neur
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8.3. Main Results The linear equati
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isotopes can be particularly useful
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APPENDIX B CONVERSION SHEET FOR DEN
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iv. v. vi. Given in the dataset: 1.
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Conversion from −3 −1 g N m d t
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Convert From Multiply by Convert to
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Texture 4 Variable Count N* Mean St
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Texture 10 Variable Count N* Mean S
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Texture-Temperature-WFP-pH Code Equ
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09-15-25-09 Rdn = 0.0106688*OC + 0.
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Code Rdn - OC Code Rdn-WFP Code Rdn
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- Code Rdn - OC Code Rdn - pH Code
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- Code Rdn - OC Code Rdn - NO3 Conc
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Code Rdn - OC Code Rdn - pH 08-25-9
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REFERENCES Almasri, M. N., & Kaluar
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Fellows, C., Hunter, H., Eccleston,
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King, D., & Nedwell, D. B. (1985).
Page 225 and 226:
Ozden, T., & Muhammetoglu, H. (2008
Page 227 and 228:
Smith, R., Bohlke, J., Garabedian,
Page 229 and 230:
Zhu, J., Liu, G., Han, Y., Zhang, Y
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