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Groffman, P. M., Altabet, M. A., Bohlke, J. K., Butterbach-Bahl, K., David, M. B., Firestone, M. K., et al. (2006). Methods for measuring denitrification: Diverse approaches to a difficult problem.. Ecological Applications, 16(6), 2091. Groffman, P. M. (1995). A conceptual assessment of the importance of denitrification as a source of soil nitrogen loss in tropical agro-ecosystems. Fertilizer Research, 42(1-3), 139. Hantzche, N., & Finnemore, E. (1992). Predicting ground-water nitrate-nitrogen impacts. Groundwater, 30(4), 490-499. Harden, H. S., Roeder, E., Hooks, M., & Chanton, J. P. (2008). Evaluation of onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems in shallow karst terrain. Water Research, 42(10- 11), 2585. Heinen, M. (2006). Simplified denitrification models: Overview and properties. Geoderma, 133(3-4), 444. Heinen, M. (2004). A simple denitrification model? review, sensitivity and application Heinen, M. (2006). Application of a widely used denitrification model to dutch datasets. Geoderma, 133(3-4), 464-473. Henault, C., & Germon, J. (2000). NEMIS, a predictive model of denitrification on the field scale. European Journal of Soil Science, 51(2), 257-270. Her, J., & Huang, J. (1995). Influences of carbon surface and C/N ratio on nitrate nitrite denitrification and carbon breakthrough. Bioresource Technology, 54(1), 45. Hill, A. R., Vidon, P. G., & Langat, J. (2004). Denitrification potential in relation to lithology in five headwater riparian zones. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33(3), 911. Hiscock, K. M., Lloyd, J. W., & Lerner, D. N. (1991). Review of natural and artificial denitrification of groundwater. Water Research, 25(9), 1099. Hoffmann, C., Rysgaard, S., & Berg, P. (2000). Denitrification rates predicted by nitrogen-15 labeled nitrate microcosm studies, in situ measurements, and modeling. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29(6), 2020-2028. Kamewada, K. (2007). Vertical distribution of denitrification activity in an andisol upland field and its relationship with dissolved organic carbon: Effect of long-term organic matter application. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 53(4), 401. Kellman, L., & HillaireMarcel, C. (1998). Nitrate cycling in streams: Using natural abundances of NO3--delta N-15 to measure in-situ denitrification. Biogeochemistry, 43(3), 273. 201
King, D., & Nedwell, D. B. (1985). The influence of nitrate concentration upon the endproducts of nitrate dissimilation by bacteria in anaerobic salt marsh sediment. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 31(1), 23. Knowles, R. (1982). Denitrification. Microbiological Reviews, 46(1), 43. Kornaros, M., Zafiri, C., & Lyberatos, G. (1996). Kinetics of denitrification by pseudomonas denitrificans under growth conditions limited by carbon and/or nitrate or nitrite. Water Environment Research, 68(5), 934-945. Korom, S. F. (1992). Natural denitrification in the saturated zone: A review. Water Resources Research, 28(6), 1657. Laverman, A. M., Borgers, P., & Verhoef, H. A. (2001). The effect of oxygen, pH and organic carbon on soil-layer specific denitrifying capacity in acid coniferous forest. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 33(4-5), 683. Lindsey, B. D., Loper, C. A., & and Hainly, R. A. (1997). Nitrate in groundwater and stream base flow in the lower Susquehanna river basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland No. Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4146)U.S. Geological Survey. Lindsey, B. D., Berndt, M. P., Katz, B. G., Ardis, A. F., & Skach, K. A. (2005). Water quality in selected carbonate aquifers of the United States,1993-2005. No. Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5240). New Cumberland, Pa.: U.S. Geological Survey. Lobnik, F., Pintar, M., & Bolta, S. V. (2008). Nitrogen isotope enrichment factor as an indicator of denitrification potential in top and subsoil in the apace valley, slovenia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 46(8), 719. Lowrance, R. (1992). Groundwater nitrate and denitrification in a coastal plain riparian forest. Journal of Environmental Quality, 21(3), 401. Lund, L., Horne, A., & Williams, A. (2000). Estimating denitrification in a large constructed wetland using stable nitrogen isotope ratios. Ecological Engineering, 14(1-2), 67-76. Malone, J. P., Stevens, R. J., & Laughlin, R. J. (1998). Combining the N-15 and acetylene inhibition techniques to examine the effect of acetylene on denitrification. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 30(1), 31. Mariotti, A., Landreau, A., & & Simon, B. (1988). 15N isotope biogeochemistry and natural denitrification process in groundwater: Application to the chalk aquifer of northern france. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(7), 1869. 202
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THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY ARTS A
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To my Dad, Mum and Brother iii
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Dr. Stephen Kish for his words of e
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1.5. Evaluation of methods to estim
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2.5.8. Texture 8 (Silt Loam).......
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4.2.6. Texture 6 (Sandy Clay Loam).
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Additional
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Oxidatio
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Figure 2.51 8-20-84; Denitrificatio
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Figure 3.6 Probability plot (Textur
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Three statistical methods were used
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• Microbial biomass/ plant uptake
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Figure 1.1 Oxidation of organic car
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possibility of denitrification (Smi
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50ºC (36ºF - 122ºF) (Brady & Wei
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1.2.6. Salinity Salinity is a known
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1.3.1. The Acetylene inhibition met
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Among the variety of successful met
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a first-order decay process. The ma
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look at the data shows that it fail
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Da is the denitrification rate (mg
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a simple linear regression of organ
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of the annual N2O emission and deni
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easons for the limitation of the mo
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Table 1.2 Continued dC / dt Organic
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also implies that the transferabili
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CHAPTER TWO 2. LINEAR REGRESSION An
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an improvement on the earlier attem
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2.3. Texture Table 2.1 Soil Textura
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2.3.5. Texture 5 (Sand) The surfici
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2.3.10. Texture 10 (Silty Clay Loam
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Textural Class Table 2.2 Coefficien
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R_d_n (kgN ha-1 d-1) R_d_n (kgN ha-
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2.4.3. Texture 3 (Loam) Texture 3 c
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R_d_n (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 3 Temp
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R_d_n (kgN ha-1 d-1) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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2.4.7. Texture 7 (Sandy Loam) The S
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Texture 7 Temperature 12 : Denitrif
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 9 Temper
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) 16 12 8 4 0 Text
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2.5. Break down by Texture, Tempera
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8-20-34 (n=3), 8-20-84 (n=4), 8-20-
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Subsets 9-7-100, 9-25-100 and 9-30-
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Texture 10 Temperature 25 WFP 100 :
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a significant linear relationship b
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-
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C9 Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) 12 10 8 6 4 2
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 10 Tempe
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2.6.11. Texture 11 (Silt) No data a
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2.7.6. Texture 6 (Sandy Clay Loam)
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 8 Tepera
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Rdn (kgN ha-1 d-1) Texture 8 Tepera
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2.8. Summary The correlation coeffi
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where, M is the slope of the linear
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Hence for the first set of equation
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3.2.2. Texture-Temperature-WFP-pH T
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Organic Carbon (%) Actual Rdn Gener
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R dn Results C = 9.389 - 3.210* M -
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The actual denitrification values f
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Eigenvalue 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
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R indicated by the significant code
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R Table 4.5 Comparison of actual an
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Table 4.8 Texture 2, Comparison of
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Table 4.11 Comparison of actual and
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The two equations are applied to th
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R R dn dn = - 0.05 ∗Temperature (
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Table 4.19 Texture 8, Linear multi-
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Table 4.20 Continued Actual Rdn Pre
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Once again the equations developed
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4.2.11. Texture 11 (Silt) No data a
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CHAPTER FIVE 5. ANALYSIS USING NEUR
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Figure 5.2 McCulloch-Pitts (Meyer-B
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developed. In order to control over
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Eventually the final set of network
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5.4.4. Texture 5 (Sand) Figure 5.5
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Page 175 and 176: CHAPTER SIX 6. USE OF ISOTOPES TO E
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Page 179 and 180: Figure 6.1 Estimation of Nitrate Lo
Page 181 and 182: δ 18 O 12 10 8 6 4 2 Table 6.1 Egg
Page 183 and 184: δ 18 O 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.
Page 185 and 186: CHAPTER SEVEN 7. APPLICATION TO JAC
Page 187 and 188: 7.2. Multiple Regression Three equa
Page 189 and 190: Table 7.4 Multi-Regression and Neur
Page 191 and 192: 8.3. Main Results The linear equati
Page 193 and 194: isotopes can be particularly useful
Page 195 and 196: APPENDIX B CONVERSION SHEET FOR DEN
Page 197 and 198: iv. v. vi. Given in the dataset: 1.
Page 199 and 200: Conversion from −3 −1 g N m d t
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Page 203 and 204: Texture 4 Variable Count N* Mean St
Page 205 and 206: Texture 10 Variable Count N* Mean S
Page 207 and 208: Texture-Temperature-WFP-pH Code Equ
Page 209 and 210: 09-15-25-09 Rdn = 0.0106688*OC + 0.
Page 211 and 212: Code Rdn - OC Code Rdn-WFP Code Rdn
Page 213 and 214: - Code Rdn - OC Code Rdn - pH Code
Page 215 and 216: - Code Rdn - OC Code Rdn - NO3 Conc
Page 217 and 218: Code Rdn - OC Code Rdn - pH 08-25-9
Page 219 and 220: REFERENCES Almasri, M. N., & Kaluar
Page 221: Fellows, C., Hunter, H., Eccleston,
Page 225 and 226: Ozden, T., & Muhammetoglu, H. (2008
Page 227 and 228: Smith, R., Bohlke, J., Garabedian,
Page 229 and 230: Zhu, J., Liu, G., Han, Y., Zhang, Y
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