cranfield university mahadi abd murad an integrated structural ...

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Summary of Pipeline Integrity Management programme.............................. 2
Figure 1.2: The Methodology of Integrated Pipeline Repair System ............................... 5
Figure 2.1: Surface fracture due to fatigue (Brennan et al., 2007) ................................. 10
Figure 2.2: Reported interest in defect types (Fixter and Williamson, 2006) ................ 11
Figure 2.3: Excessive corrosion occurs on the surface of refinery pipeline ................... 12
Figure 2.4: Dent damage caused by vandalism (Left) and failure due to dent (Right)
(Bruno, 2008) ......................................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.5: Back-scattered micrographs of the influence of time and precipitation in
deformed gauge portions of specimens for hot extruded type 316 stainless steel
piping (Harada et al., 1999) .................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.6: Stress life curve and SIMdex limit setting after 130 000 cycles on a log
scale (De Leeuw and Brennan, 2009) ..................................................................... 20
Figure 2.7: An example of integrity management from comparison of pipeline failure
probability with target reliability levels - Benefits of conducting repairs (Hallen et
al., 2003) ................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 2.8: An example of integrity management from comparison of pipeline failure
probability with target reliability levels - Relationship between repairs, corrosion
rate, operating pressure and pipeline‘s safe remaining life (Hallen et al., 2003) ... 22
Figure 2.9: Pipeline failure probability with time. Effect of repairs on safe working life
(time to next inspection) and re-inspection intervals (Hallen et al., 2003) ............ 23
Figure 2.10: POD Modular Methodology (Smith et al., 2004) .................................... 235
Figure 2.11: Photos of (left) test set-up reinforcement sleeves applied over stress
corrosion cracking, and (right) Opened stress corrosion crack (black region) which
had extended with fatigue (Linton, 2008) .............................................................. 29
Figure 2.12: Design curves for Technowrap 2K (Frost, 2009) ...................................... 31
Figure 2.13: Design pressure as a function of repair thickness and repair lifetime (Frost,
2009) ..................................................................................................................... 323
Figure 2.14: Integrated Structural Health Monitoring Approach (Herszberg et al., 2007)
................................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 2.15: Graph of the sensing SMARTape (Left), SMARTape on the gas pipeline
(Right) (Inaudi and Glisic, 2005) ........................................................................... 37
Figure 2.16: Application fields and market share forecast of distributed fibre optic
sensors (Ecke, 2008) ............................................................................................... 39
Figure 2.17: Conversion from a circumferential crack to a semi-elliptical crack
(Wallbrink et al., 2005) .......................................................................................... 46
Figure 2.18: Mesh and geometry. Θ is the angle associated with the hoop stress, t is wall
thickness, d is notch depth and ρ is notch radius (De Carvalho, 2005) .................. 48
Figure 2.19: A pipe with local wall thinning, subject to internal pressure P and bending
M. Rm Mid thickness radius, Θ is the angle associated with the hoop stress, t is the
thickness, Di is the internal diameter, d is the notch depth and l is the notch length
(Kim and Son, 2004) .............................................................................................. 48
Figure 2.20: Photos of repaired pipeline using composite wraps based on Clock Spring
(CLOCK SPRING Company L.P., 2005) .............................................................. 52
Figure 2.21: The current scenario of research study in the composite repair ................. 54
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