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Table 3.2: Increasing Pressure on the Converged Model Pressure (bar) Hoop Stress Axial Stress Hoop Strain ( x ) – MPa ( y ) – MPa ( x ) x 10 -4 10 20.247 11.658 0.7996 0.265 72 Axial Strain ( y ) x 10 -4 20 40.494 23.315 1.600 0.531 30 60.741 34.973 2.400 0.796 40 80.980 46.631 3.200 1.060 50 101.235 58.288 3.998 1.327 Stress Value (MPa) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Hoop and Axial Stresses v/s Pressure 10 20 30 40 50 Pressure Value (bar) Figure 3.11: Stresses at the Notch Root versus Pressure Hoop Stress Axial Stress Figure 3.12 shows that the hoop and axial stresses increase linearly with the pressure increment. This confirms that the simulation tests were performed in the true elastic working region. Also, the percentage difference of hoop and axial stresses at
each pressure value remains constant at 42.4% as the pressure increases from 10 to 50 bar. The consistency of this reading was achieved because this simulation test was performed on the converged model. Figure 3.13 also shows that the hoop and axial strains increase linearly with the pressure increment. Likewise, the percentage difference of hoop and axial strain at each pressure value remains constant but slightly higher at 66.8% as the pressure increases from 10 to 50 bar. Again, this plot proves that the simulation tests were performed in the true elastic working region using the converged model. Microstrain 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Hoop and Axial Strains v/s Pressure 10 20 30 40 50 Pressure (bar) Figure 3.13: Strains at the Notch Root versus Pressure 73 Hoop Strain Axial Strain
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY MAHADI ABD MUR
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ABSTRACT One of the most common pro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
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3.7.1 Introduction ................
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5.6 Summary and Conclusions .......
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Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of th
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Figure 5.4: The average temperature
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NOMENCLATURES ACFM Alternating Curr
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1 INTRODUCTION One of the most comm
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1.1 Objectives Knowing this backgro
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The methodology of this integrated
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Chapter 6 contains the summary and
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period of the major part of the exi
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Figure 2.2: Reported interest in de
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Figure 2.4: Dent damage caused by v
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presented current practices, recent
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Energy Workforce Sdn Bhd (2011) cla
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available provides real time detect
Page 41 and 42: 2.3.3 Reliability Analysis of Infor
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.9: Pipeline failure probab
Page 45 and 46: 2.3.3.1 NDT Reliability and POD cur
Page 47 and 48: increase in the yield limit of stee
Page 49 and 50: the SCC assessment in their integri
Page 51 and 52: Manufacturers such as Walkers Techn
Page 53 and 54: Company L.P, 2005); Aquawrap ® pro
Page 55 and 56: monitoring, inspection, and damage
Page 57 and 58: 2.6.2 Aims of Structural Health Mon
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.16: Application fields and
Page 61 and 62: egistered by the piezoelectric sens
Page 63 and 64: discretization error. Round-off err
Page 65 and 66: notches and Neuber‘s is better fo
Page 67 and 68: maximum local stress at discontinui
Page 69 and 70: De Carvalho (2005) concludes that t
Page 71 and 72: accurate simulation of loading espe
Page 73 and 74: Based on the above facts, the opera
Page 75 and 76: 3 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) IN
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.2: Schematic diagram of th
Page 79 and 80: In this modelling work (i.e. compos
Page 81 and 82: This partition toolset also helps u
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3.6: Mesh control using Swee
Page 85 and 86: Figure 3.7: Schematic representatio
Page 87 and 88: discretization. Therefore, in this
Page 89 and 90: According to Staten et al. (2010b),
Page 91: 3.5 The influence of pressure on th
Page 95 and 96: Axial Stress, σa (S22) was referre
Page 97 and 98: Figure 3.14 shows a graph of analyt
Page 99 and 100: the notch defect is found to be in
Page 101 and 102: One of the contributions of this st
Page 103 and 104: Table 3.4: Convergence tests on var
Page 105 and 106: Figures 3.16 and 3.17 show that the
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.20 shows that as the relat
Page 109 and 110: 3.7.4 Concluding Remarks A biaxial
Page 111 and 112: yarns change and lateral contact be
Page 113 and 114: For predicting E2 and Gl2, a number
Page 115 and 116: Where: Ar = weight of one sheet of
Page 117 and 118: Where; The Stiffness matrix is trad
Page 119 and 120: simulations for the hoop strain at
Page 121 and 122: Figure 3.24: Finding the hoop stres
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.8: The effect of repair len
Page 125 and 126: four up to 18 layers. In this study
Page 127 and 128: hoop and axial stress concentration
Page 129 and 130: Table 3.11: Predicted Elastic Const
Page 131 and 132: Table 3.13: Axial Stress v/s L/W ra
Page 133 and 134: Hoop Stress (MPa) Figure 3.3: Hoop
Page 135 and 136: However, Frost (2008) and Alexander
Page 137 and 138: Table 3.17: Ratio of Axial Stress N
Page 139 and 140: axial load (e.g. buried pipelines t
Page 141 and 142: 3.10 Numerical Strain Analysis of C
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Figure 3.36 shows the contours befo
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Stress Concentration Factor 2 1.8 1
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In fact, for Notch 40 with 18 plies
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this second approach (i.e. the expe
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4.2.2 Strain Gauge Selection and Cr
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Finally, a method used to calculate
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Where, and are the maximum and mini
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should be between 20 and 28 bar and
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welded weld neck flange at both end
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Figure 4.7: Sensor and heating elem
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Figure 4.9: A summary of data acqui
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One of the objectives of doing this
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Figure 4.14: A schematic diagram of
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Table 4.1: Strain gauge readings at
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microstrain 3.00E-04 2.50E-04 2.00E
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However, the axial load transfer is
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Mircostrain 500 450 400 350 300 250
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Since the defect is not a flat notc
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Again, the epoxy resin plays a sign
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Table 4.4: Study at the defect area
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Mircostrain 300 250 200 150 100 50
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Mircostrain 600 500 400 300 200 100
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14.25% in hoop strain and 23.5% in
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consideration for the selection of
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5.4 Methodology of Thermal Expansio
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Figure 5.1: Some preventive measure
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5.4.1 The Fundamentals of the Therm
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5.5 Analysis of Results 5.5.1 The t
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Thermal Output (strain ) 0.0002 0.0
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(Strain ,ε) Figure 5.12: Coefficie
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(Strain ,ε) 0.0002 0.00018 0.00016
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Table 5.1: The strain readings afte
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maximum shear strain increase as th
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The above results show that shear s
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shear strains becomes more stable a
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for future safe design and operatio
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has been fully cured. Poor surface
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6.3 Primary PhD Achievements The ea
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In Chapter 5, the CTE was determine
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ASM International (2002), "Thermal
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Bucinell, R. B. (2001), Calculating
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Proceedings of OMAE'01 20th Interna
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Greenwood, R. (2002), UKOPA Pipelin
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Kotrechko, S. A., Krasovskii, A. Y.
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Mousavi, S. E., Xiao, H. and Sukuma
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Raju, I. S. and Newman, J. C. (1986
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Tennyson, R. C. and Mufti, A. A. (2
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Xue, L., Widera, G. E. O. and Sang,
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General Technical Specifications: T
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Photos of the Design and Build of t
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Composite Installation Process usin
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APPENDIX 3 - STRAIN GAUGE INSTALLAT
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Figure 7: Mylar tape was stuck onto
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Figure 19: Repeating the above proc
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2) Electrical Insulation Test Resul
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