Fr<strong>an</strong>cini, B. <strong>an</strong>d Alex<strong>an</strong>der, C. (2006), "State of the art assessment of composite systems used to repair tr<strong>an</strong>smission pipelines", Proceedings of IPC2006, 6th International Pipeline Conference, 25 -29 September, Calgary, Alberta, C<strong>an</strong>ada. Frassine, R. (1997), "Long-Term Perform<strong>an</strong>ce of a Polymer Composite Repair System for Gas Pipelines", Adv<strong>an</strong>ces in Polymer Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 33-43. Freire, J.L.F., Vieira, R.D. <strong>an</strong>d Benjamin, A.C. (October 2006), Part 2: Experimental strain <strong>an</strong>alysis of metal loss defects in pipeline, Society for Experimental Mech<strong>an</strong>ics. Freire, J.L.F., Vieira, R.D. <strong>an</strong>d Benjamin, A.C. (August 2006), Part 1: Experimental techniques in the field of pipeline integrity, Society for Experimental Mech<strong>an</strong>ics. Fries, T. P. <strong>an</strong>d Belytschko, T. (2010), "The extended/generalized finite element method: An overview of the method <strong>an</strong>d its applications", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 84, pp. 253-304. Frost, S. R. (2010a), Solving integrity m<strong>an</strong>agement problems using Technowrap composite repairs, available at: www.wtr.uk.com/docs/WTR-Petroleum-africa.pdf. Frost, S. R. (2010b), Technical data on Triaxial woven fabric composite, Walker Technical Resources Ltd., Aberdeen, Scotl<strong>an</strong>d. Frost, S. R. (2009), Technowrap 2K Technical database report, Walker Technical Resources Ltd., Aberdeen, Scotl<strong>an</strong>d. Frost, S. R. (2008), "Operational guidelines for the use of the composite repairs", ACORES. Furrow, P. C., Brown, R. T. <strong>an</strong>d Mott, D. B. (2000), "Fiber Optic Health Monitoring System for Composite Bridge Decks", Liu, S. C. (ed.), in: Smart Systems for Bridges, Structures, <strong>an</strong>d Highways, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3988, Newport Beach, California, p. 380. Gedeon, G. (2001), Gulf of Mexico Oil <strong>an</strong>d Gas Pipeline Installation, Impact <strong>an</strong>d Mitigation, OCS report MMS 2001, www.cedengineering.com. Georgia Institute of Technology (March 2010), Electrical Resist<strong>an</strong>ce Strain Gauge Circuits; AE3145 Resist<strong>an</strong>ce Strain Gage Circuits, available at: www.pdfqueen.com/pdf/st/strain-gauge-bridge-circuit (accessed May 2010). Georgiou, G. A. (2006), Probability of Detection (POD) Curves - Derivation, applications <strong>an</strong>d limitations, 454, Health <strong>an</strong>d Safety Executive, London. Gilbert, S. <strong>an</strong>d Fix, G. (1973), An Analysis of the Finite Element Method, Prentice Hall, Engl<strong>an</strong>d. 206
Greenwood, R. (2002), UKOPA Pipeline Fault Database, R 4798, Adv<strong>an</strong>tica, Newcastle UK. Gregory, O., Euler, W., Crism<strong>an</strong>, E., Mogawer, H. <strong>an</strong>d <strong>an</strong>d Thomas, K. (1999), "Smart Optical Waveguide Sensors for Cumulative Damage Assessment", Smart Structures <strong>an</strong>d Materials1999: Smart Systems for Bridges, Structures, <strong>an</strong>d Highways Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3671, p. 100. Gunalton, Y., Courtois, G. d. <strong>an</strong>d Cavalier, B. (2008), Qualifications of Composite Systems for the Repair of Pipelines <strong>an</strong>d Risers, Indocoat 2008, Total, Jakarta Indonesia. Habib, S. S. <strong>an</strong>d Nahas, M. N. (1998), "Measurement of Fatigue Crack by Nondestructive Testing", Engineering Science, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 65-67. Hallen, J. M., Caleyo, F., Gonzalez, J. <strong>an</strong>d Lagos, F. F. (2003), "Probabilistic Condition Assessment of Corroding Pipelines in Mexico", 111-P<strong>an</strong> Americ<strong>an</strong> Conference for Nondestructive Testing, 2 - 6 June 2003, Rio De J<strong>an</strong>eiro, PANNDT, Brazil. Hamila, N. <strong>an</strong>d Boisse, P. (2009), "A semi-discrete shell finite element for textile composite reinforcement forming simulation", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 79, pp. 1443-1466. H<strong>an</strong>, S., Brenn<strong>an</strong>, F. P. <strong>an</strong>d Dover, W. D. (2002), "Development of the alternating current stress measurement model for magnetostriction behaviour of mild steel under orthogonal magnetic fields for stress measurement", Journal of Strain Analysis, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 21-31. Harada, Y., Maruyama, Y. <strong>an</strong>d Maeda, A. (1999), "Effect of Microstructure on Failure Behaviour of Light Water Reactor Cool<strong>an</strong>t Piping under Severe Conditions", Journal of Nuclear Science <strong>an</strong>d Technology, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 923-933. Harding, J. <strong>an</strong>d Li, Y. L. (1992), "Determination of interlaminar shear strength for glass/epoxy <strong>an</strong>d carbon/epoxy laminates at impact rates of strain", Composite Science <strong>an</strong>d Technology, vol. 45, pp. 161-171. Hartwig, G. (1988), "Thermal exp<strong>an</strong>sion of fibre composites", Cryogenics, vol. 28. Herszberg, I., B<strong>an</strong>nister, M. K., Li, H., Thomson, R. S. <strong>an</strong>d White, C. (2007), "Structural health monitoring for adv<strong>an</strong>ced composite structures", The Sixteenth International Conference on Composite Materials, 8 - 13 July, Jap<strong>an</strong>. Inaudi, D. <strong>an</strong>d Glisic, B. (2006), "Distributed fiber optic strain <strong>an</strong>d temperature sensing for <strong>structural</strong> health monitoring", The Third International Conference on Bridge Mainten<strong>an</strong>ce, Safety <strong>an</strong>d M<strong>an</strong>agement, 16-19 July 2006, IABMAS, Porto, Portugal. 207
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY MAHADI ABD MUR
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ABSTRACT One of the most common pro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
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3.7.1 Introduction ................
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5.6 Summary and Conclusions .......
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Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of th
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Figure 5.4: The average temperature
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NOMENCLATURES ACFM Alternating Curr
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1 INTRODUCTION One of the most comm
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1.1 Objectives Knowing this backgro
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The methodology of this integrated
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Chapter 6 contains the summary and
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period of the major part of the exi
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Figure 2.2: Reported interest in de
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Figure 2.4: Dent damage caused by v
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presented current practices, recent
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Energy Workforce Sdn Bhd (2011) cla
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available provides real time detect
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2.3.3 Reliability Analysis of Infor
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Figure 2.9: Pipeline failure probab
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2.3.3.1 NDT Reliability and POD cur
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increase in the yield limit of stee
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the SCC assessment in their integri
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Manufacturers such as Walkers Techn
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Company L.P, 2005); Aquawrap ® pro
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monitoring, inspection, and damage
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2.6.2 Aims of Structural Health Mon
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Figure 2.16: Application fields and
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egistered by the piezoelectric sens
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discretization error. Round-off err
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notches and Neuber‘s is better fo
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maximum local stress at discontinui
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De Carvalho (2005) concludes that t
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accurate simulation of loading espe
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Based on the above facts, the opera
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3 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) IN
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Figure 3.2: Schematic diagram of th
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In this modelling work (i.e. compos
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This partition toolset also helps u
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Figure 3.6: Mesh control using Swee
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Figure 3.7: Schematic representatio
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discretization. Therefore, in this
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According to Staten et al. (2010b),
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3.5 The influence of pressure on th
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each pressure value remains constan
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Axial Stress, σa (S22) was referre
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Figure 3.14 shows a graph of analyt
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the notch defect is found to be in
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One of the contributions of this st
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Table 3.4: Convergence tests on var
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Figures 3.16 and 3.17 show that the
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Figure 3.20 shows that as the relat
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3.7.4 Concluding Remarks A biaxial
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yarns change and lateral contact be
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For predicting E2 and Gl2, a number
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Where: Ar = weight of one sheet of
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Where; The Stiffness matrix is trad
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simulations for the hoop strain at
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Figure 3.24: Finding the hoop stres
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Table 3.8: The effect of repair len
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four up to 18 layers. In this study
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hoop and axial stress concentration
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Table 3.11: Predicted Elastic Const
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Table 3.13: Axial Stress v/s L/W ra
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Hoop Stress (MPa) Figure 3.3: Hoop
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However, Frost (2008) and Alexander
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Table 3.17: Ratio of Axial Stress N
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axial load (e.g. buried pipelines t
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3.10 Numerical Strain Analysis of C
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Figure 3.36 shows the contours befo
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Stress Concentration Factor 2 1.8 1
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In fact, for Notch 40 with 18 plies
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this second approach (i.e. the expe
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4.2.2 Strain Gauge Selection and Cr
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Finally, a method used to calculate
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Where, and are the maximum and mini
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should be between 20 and 28 bar and
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welded weld neck flange at both end
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Figure 4.7: Sensor and heating elem
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Figure 4.9: A summary of data acqui
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One of the objectives of doing this
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Figure 4.14: A schematic diagram of
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Table 4.1: Strain gauge readings at
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microstrain 3.00E-04 2.50E-04 2.00E
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However, the axial load transfer is
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