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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY MAHADI ABD MUR
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ABSTRACT One of the most common pro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
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3.7.1 Introduction ................
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5.6 Summary and Conclusions .......
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Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of th
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Figure 5.4: The average temperature
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NOMENCLATURES ACFM Alternating Curr
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1 INTRODUCTION One of the most comm
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1.1 Objectives Knowing this backgro
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The methodology of this integrated
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Chapter 6 contains the summary and
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period of the major part of the exi
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Figure 2.2: Reported interest in de
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Figure 2.4: Dent damage caused by v
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presented current practices, recent
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Energy Workforce Sdn Bhd (2011) cla
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available provides real time detect
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2.3.3 Reliability Analysis of Infor
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Figure 2.9: Pipeline failure probab
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2.3.3.1 NDT Reliability and POD cur
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increase in the yield limit of stee
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the SCC assessment in their integri
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Manufacturers such as Walkers Techn
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Company L.P, 2005); Aquawrap ® pro
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monitoring, inspection, and damage
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2.6.2 Aims of Structural Health Mon
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Figure 2.16: Application fields and
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egistered by the piezoelectric sens
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discretization error. Round-off err
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notches and Neuber‘s is better fo
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maximum local stress at discontinui
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De Carvalho (2005) concludes that t
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accurate simulation of loading espe
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Based on the above facts, the opera
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3 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) IN
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Figure 3.2: Schematic diagram of th
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In this modelling work (i.e. compos
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This partition toolset also helps u
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Figure 3.6: Mesh control using Swee
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Figure 3.7: Schematic representatio
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discretization. Therefore, in this
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According to Staten et al. (2010b),
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3.5 The influence of pressure on th
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each pressure value remains constan
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Axial Stress, σa (S22) was referre
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Figure 3.14 shows a graph of analyt
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the notch defect is found to be in
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One of the contributions of this st
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Table 3.4: Convergence tests on var
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Figures 3.16 and 3.17 show that the
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Figure 3.20 shows that as the relat
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3.7.4 Concluding Remarks A biaxial
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yarns change and lateral contact be
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For predicting E2 and Gl2, a number
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Where: Ar = weight of one sheet of
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Where; The Stiffness matrix is trad
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simulations for the hoop strain at
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Figure 3.24: Finding the hoop stres
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Table 3.8: The effect of repair len
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four up to 18 layers. In this study
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hoop and axial stress concentration
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Table 3.11: Predicted Elastic Const
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Table 3.13: Axial Stress v/s L/W ra
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Hoop Stress (MPa) Figure 3.3: Hoop
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However, Frost (2008) and Alexander
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Table 3.17: Ratio of Axial Stress N
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axial load (e.g. buried pipelines t
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3.10 Numerical Strain Analysis of C
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Figure 3.36 shows the contours befo
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Stress Concentration Factor 2 1.8 1
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In fact, for Notch 40 with 18 plies
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this second approach (i.e. the expe
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4.2.2 Strain Gauge Selection and Cr
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Finally, a method used to calculate
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Where, and are the maximum and mini
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should be between 20 and 28 bar and
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welded weld neck flange at both end
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Figure 4.7: Sensor and heating elem
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Figure 4.9: A summary of data acqui
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One of the objectives of doing this
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Figure 4.14: A schematic diagram of
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Table 4.1: Strain gauge readings at
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microstrain 3.00E-04 2.50E-04 2.00E
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However, the axial load transfer is
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Mircostrain 500 450 400 350 300 250
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Since the defect is not a flat notc
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Again, the epoxy resin plays a sign
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Table 4.4: Study at the defect area
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Mircostrain 300 250 200 150 100 50
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Mircostrain 600 500 400 300 200 100
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14.25% in hoop strain and 23.5% in
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