cranfield university mahadi abd murad an integrated structural ...

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1 INTRODUCTION One of the most common problems in the structural integrity of industrial pipelines is external corrosion. This external corrosion is normally driven by two factors, namely the environment and the age of the pipeline itself. So, much effort has been put in by many companies, individuals and others in upholding the integrity of these ageing pipelines and solving the external corrosion problem. The key success to realising the extension of pipeline life with proper protection is counting on a systematic strategy on how to develop and implement integrity management programmes by each pipeline operator. Based on the data generated by the inspection programme for instance, an operator can go forward and make decisions related to the current and future integrity of a pipeline, remaining life assessment, and appropriate preventative maintenance and inspection activities to maintain the design plan for the pipeline. The four components namely Assessment, Monitoring, Mitigation, and Life Extension are shown in Figure 1.1 and they provide the means to develop a comprehensive integrity management programme and meet specific needs and situations for each pipeline operator and pipeline system. One of the important criteria to ensure the success of this integrity management programme is to know how the repair of the pipeline has been evaluated. Composite materials, for example, have been accepted as a repair option to restore the original strength of the effected damaged section, but the approach to analyse how well the composite repair has influenced the stress and strain distributions under the influence of internal pressure and temperature between the reinforced steel and the reinforcing composite is yet to be determined. Hence, this integrity management really needs a good approach that can increase the confidence level among the pipeline operators and manufacturers. An integrated Structural Health Monitoring approach in composite based pipeline repair is novel because it provides an overview of the whole pipeline integrity management programme. For example, the nature of the defect is properly assessed and then further explored using the finite element method. ABAQUS software has been used in this simulation work and the data acquisition of strain measurement was carried 1
Page 1: CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY MAHADI ABD MUR
Page 4 and 5: ABSTRACT One of the most common pro
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 9 and 10: 3.7.1 Introduction ................
Page 11: 5.6 Summary and Conclusions .......
Page 14 and 15: Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of th
Page 16 and 17: Figure 5.4: The average temperature
Page 18 and 19: NOMENCLATURES ACFM Alternating Curr
Page 22 and 23: out using the Compact Rio system wi
Page 24 and 25: Triaxial Woven Fibre (TWF) composit
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Summary and Layout of the Thesi
Page 28 and 29: 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON STRUCTURAL I
Page 30 and 31: of the fracture surface photos is s
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2.3: Excessive corrosion occ
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2.5: Back-scattered microgra
Page 36 and 37: In the ferrous pipeline condition a
Page 38 and 39: 2.3.2 Pipeline Monitoring Monitorin
Page 40 and 41: approaches (i.e. POD and POS) which
Page 42 and 43: Figure 2.7: An example of integrity
Page 44 and 45: Provide the means to estimate failu
Page 46 and 47: Simola et al. (2009) present severa
Page 48 and 49: efforts tailored to suit engineerin
Page 50 and 51: suggested by Lee and Pyun (2002) is
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.13: Design pressure as a f
Page 54 and 55: Article 4.1: Non-metallic composite
Page 56 and 57: Figure 2.14: Integrated Structural
Page 58 and 59: The capability of using a single fi
Page 60 and 61: 2.6.4 SHM using Electrical Strain G
Page 62 and 63: from the problems described earlier
Page 64 and 65: According to Bahai (2001) calculati
Page 66 and 67: Generally, most of the numerical re
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.18: Mesh and geometry. Θ
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principal directions. Thus, Measure
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Full cure application: This elimina
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esults will be discussed in Chapter
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3.3 Model and Other Parameters Sele
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The Quad and Tri tabs allow the use
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Several attempts have been made to
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ABAQUS CAE generates meshes with fi
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without defining a boundary surface
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efinement is often not a fully auto
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Figure 3.9: The second tie constrai
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In this Study, the linear eight nod
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Table 3.2: Increasing Pressure on t
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3.6 To determine other factors’ i
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Table 3.3: Stress study among 6 dif
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The above graph also shows that Mod
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and fatigue life assessments of not
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3.7.3 Internal Pressure For a pipe
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concentration, As referred to Figur
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for notch N100, the SCF based on bo
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In the earlier section, the relatio
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According to Coenen et al. (2010),
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the shell, as the micro-scale repre
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and; Before applying the above elas
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The laminate is composed of two or
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any significant difference among th
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epaired pipe, as shown in Figure 3.
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The same method was repeated to mea
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Figure 3.26: The effect of the rati
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width of defect. Other parameter, s
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Since this graph shows that a compo
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Hoop Stress (MPa) 95 93 91 89 87 85
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Tables 3.14 and 3.15 summarise the
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Axial Stress (MPa) Figure 3.4: Axia
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Table 3.16: Ratio of Hoop Stress No
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σ Hoop Notch w repair / σ Hoop No
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transfers in the axial direction. A
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Table 3.18 shows the hoop strain va
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(12.58%) and strain (16.9%) concent
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several models that have variable g
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4 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING APPR
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In this Study, the NI 9148 controll
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equal or larger than the unit cell
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4.2.3.2 Calculations used to comput
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assumed that the underlying substra
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Figure 4.4: Schematic diagram of fi
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Figure 4.6: Instruments that are in
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Figure 4.8: Accessories NI9944/45 u
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is called Part A and the hardener t
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Figure 4.93: The actual installatio
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Figure 4.105: An illustration of ga
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440.82 microstrain and for the axia
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Table 4.2: Strain gauge readings at
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Table 4.3: The experimental strain
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Figure 4.21: Schematic representati
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Mircostrain Figure 4.23: The strain
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Where: Internal pressure, P = 50 ba
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show a good agreement in hoop strai
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Table 4.6: Comparison of load trans
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4.7 Summary and Conclusions The rig
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5 THERMO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF TH
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(McElroy et al., 1988; Vishay Micro
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assuming a uniform specimen tempera
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Figure 5.3: Strain Indicator used i
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mathematical correction was not app
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temperature value of 40°C as illus
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5.5.2 The test result of Experiment
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unreachable. Therefore, the tempera
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5.5.3 Investigation of shear strain
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From Tables 5.1, 5.2 and Figure 5.1
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(Strain ) Table 5.4: The analysis o
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first is to calculate the shear ang
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6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6
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influenced by biaxial effects in th
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small error confirms that the predi
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experimental methodologies as discu
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REFERENCES ABAQUS Inc and DS (2007)
Page 222 and 223:
Birchmeier, M., Gsell, D., Juon, M.
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CorroDefense LLC (2005), The AquaWr
Page 226 and 227:
Francini, B. and Alexander, C. (200
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Inaudi, D. and Glisic, B. (2005), "
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Lotsberg, I. (2008), "Stress concen
Page 232 and 233:
Palmer, R. and Paisley, P. (2000),
Page 234 and 235:
Simola, K., Cronvall, O., Mannisto,
Page 236 and 237:
Vijayakumar, K. and Atluri, S. N. (
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APPENDIX 1 - RESULTS OF DETAILED CA
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Pneumatic and Hydrostatic (HT) Test
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APPENDIX 2 - COMPOSITE WRAP PROCESS
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Figure 7: Impregnating epoxy into t
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Figure 1: Pipe specimen before the
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 13: Soldering the rectangula
Page 250 and 251:
1) Electrical Insulation Test Resul
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