cranfield university mahadi abd murad an integrated structural ...

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Figure 2.3: Excessive corrosion occurs on the surface of refinery pipeline (Thodi et al., 2008) The results obtained by Sosnovskii and Vorob'ev (2000) also show some significant effects of corrosion on the general fatigue strength degradation of steel pipe. Prior to operation, they observed a higher strength in the inner pipe surface in comparison to the outer one but after the operation, the outer surface was determined to be stronger. After a long period of operation, the wall thickness of the pipe had decreased by 13% because of the erosion corrosion process. Besides fatigue and corrosion being the main causes for structural degradation, damage such as dents caused by third parties, pipeline operators or contractors (Brownlee and Alexander, 2007), vandalism (Bruno, 2008), wrinkles (Alexander, 2009; Kulkarni and Alexander, 2008) and creep (Benham et al., 1996) can also cause pipeline damage. 12
Figure 2.4: Dent damage caused by vandalism (Left) and failure due to dent (Right) (Bruno, 2008) Figure 2.4 shows that as a result of dents, the contour of the pipe has been changed which leads to local areas of high strain (Bruno, 2008). When this damage occurs, the pipe may fail immediately or may continue to operate for some time before failing. A good study on creep by Harada et al. (1999) can be referred to. They performed tests on reactor coolant system (RCS) piping failure, along with high temperature, tensile and creep rupture tests, including metallography, to investigate failure behaviour. Figure 2.5 shows photos of crack development due to creep damage. Intragranular (transgranular) cracks occur in the fractured tensile specimen at room temperature as referred to in photo (a). Other photos show that intergranular cracks predominately occur in the creep damaged specimen to rupture at (b) 600ºC in 87 hours; (c) 800ºC in 85 hours and; (d) 1150ºC in 94 hours. 13
Page 1: CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY MAHADI ABD MUR
Page 4 and 5: ABSTRACT One of the most common pro
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 9 and 10: 3.7.1 Introduction ................
Page 11: 5.6 Summary and Conclusions .......
Page 14 and 15: Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of th
Page 16 and 17: Figure 5.4: The average temperature
Page 18 and 19: NOMENCLATURES ACFM Alternating Curr
Page 21 and 22: 1 INTRODUCTION One of the most comm
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 Objectives Knowing this backgro
Page 25 and 26: The methodology of this integrated
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 6 contains the summary and
Page 29 and 30: period of the major part of the exi
Page 31: Figure 2.2: Reported interest in de
Page 35 and 36: presented current practices, recent
Page 37 and 38: Energy Workforce Sdn Bhd (2011) cla
Page 39 and 40: available provides real time detect
Page 41 and 42: 2.3.3 Reliability Analysis of Infor
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.9: Pipeline failure probab
Page 45 and 46: 2.3.3.1 NDT Reliability and POD cur
Page 47 and 48: increase in the yield limit of stee
Page 49 and 50: the SCC assessment in their integri
Page 51 and 52: Manufacturers such as Walkers Techn
Page 53 and 54: Company L.P, 2005); Aquawrap ® pro
Page 55 and 56: monitoring, inspection, and damage
Page 57 and 58: 2.6.2 Aims of Structural Health Mon
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.16: Application fields and
Page 61 and 62: egistered by the piezoelectric sens
Page 63 and 64: discretization error. Round-off err
Page 65 and 66: notches and Neuber‘s is better fo
Page 67 and 68: maximum local stress at discontinui
Page 69 and 70: De Carvalho (2005) concludes that t
Page 71 and 72: accurate simulation of loading espe
Page 73 and 74: Based on the above facts, the opera
Page 75 and 76: 3 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) IN
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.2: Schematic diagram of th
Page 79 and 80: In this modelling work (i.e. compos
Page 81 and 82: This partition toolset also helps u
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3.6: Mesh control using Swee
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Figure 3.7: Schematic representatio
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discretization. Therefore, in this
Page 89 and 90:
According to Staten et al. (2010b),
Page 91 and 92:
3.5 The influence of pressure on th
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each pressure value remains constan
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Axial Stress, σa (S22) was referre
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Figure 3.14 shows a graph of analyt
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the notch defect is found to be in
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One of the contributions of this st
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Table 3.4: Convergence tests on var
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Figures 3.16 and 3.17 show that the
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Figure 3.20 shows that as the relat
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3.7.4 Concluding Remarks A biaxial
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yarns change and lateral contact be
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For predicting E2 and Gl2, a number
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Where: Ar = weight of one sheet of
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Where; The Stiffness matrix is trad
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simulations for the hoop strain at
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Figure 3.24: Finding the hoop stres
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Table 3.8: The effect of repair len
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four up to 18 layers. In this study
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hoop and axial stress concentration
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Table 3.11: Predicted Elastic Const
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Table 3.13: Axial Stress v/s L/W ra
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Hoop Stress (MPa) Figure 3.3: Hoop
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However, Frost (2008) and Alexander
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Table 3.17: Ratio of Axial Stress N
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axial load (e.g. buried pipelines t
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3.10 Numerical Strain Analysis of C
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Figure 3.36 shows the contours befo
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Stress Concentration Factor 2 1.8 1
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In fact, for Notch 40 with 18 plies
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this second approach (i.e. the expe
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4.2.2 Strain Gauge Selection and Cr
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Finally, a method used to calculate
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Where, and are the maximum and mini
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should be between 20 and 28 bar and
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welded weld neck flange at both end
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Figure 4.7: Sensor and heating elem
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Figure 4.9: A summary of data acqui
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One of the objectives of doing this
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Figure 4.14: A schematic diagram of
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Table 4.1: Strain gauge readings at
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microstrain 3.00E-04 2.50E-04 2.00E
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However, the axial load transfer is
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Mircostrain 500 450 400 350 300 250
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Since the defect is not a flat notc
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Again, the epoxy resin plays a sign
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Table 4.4: Study at the defect area
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Mircostrain 300 250 200 150 100 50
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Mircostrain 600 500 400 300 200 100
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14.25% in hoop strain and 23.5% in
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consideration for the selection of
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5.4 Methodology of Thermal Expansio
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Figure 5.1: Some preventive measure
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5.4.1 The Fundamentals of the Therm
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5.5 Analysis of Results 5.5.1 The t
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Thermal Output (strain ) 0.0002 0.0
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(Strain ,ε) Figure 5.12: Coefficie
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(Strain ,ε) 0.0002 0.00018 0.00016
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Table 5.1: The strain readings afte
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maximum shear strain increase as th
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The above results show that shear s
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shear strains becomes more stable a
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for future safe design and operatio
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has been fully cured. Poor surface
Page 217 and 218:
6.3 Primary PhD Achievements The ea
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In Chapter 5, the CTE was determine
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ASM International (2002), "Thermal
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Bucinell, R. B. (2001), Calculating
Page 225 and 226:
Proceedings of OMAE'01 20th Interna
Page 227 and 228:
Greenwood, R. (2002), UKOPA Pipelin
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Kotrechko, S. A., Krasovskii, A. Y.
Page 231 and 232:
Mousavi, S. E., Xiao, H. and Sukuma
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Raju, I. S. and Newman, J. C. (1986
Page 235 and 236:
Tennyson, R. C. and Mufti, A. A. (2
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Xue, L., Widera, G. E. O. and Sang,
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General Technical Specifications: T
Page 241 and 242:
Photos of the Design and Build of t
Page 243 and 244:
Composite Installation Process usin
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APPENDIX 3 - STRAIN GAUGE INSTALLAT
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Figure 7: Mylar tape was stuck onto
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 19: Repeating the above proc
Page 251:
2) Electrical Insulation Test Resul
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