Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 4 - Full Document - Center for ...

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SECTION: BIOREFINERIES Integrated Biorefinery Projects Receiving DOE Funds Project Location Scale Conversion Technology Abengoa Hugoton, KS Commercial Biochemical Bluefire LLC Fulton, MS Commercial Biochemical Flambeau Park Falls, WI Commercial Thermo - Gasification Mascoma Kinross, MI Commercial Biochemical POET Emmetsburg, IA Commercial Biochemical Rangefuels Soperton, GA Commercial Thermo - Gasification Enerkem Pontotoc, MS Demonstration Thermo - Gasification INEOS New Planet Bioenergy LLC Vero Beach, FL Demonstration Hybrid Lignol Washington Demonstration Biochemical New Page Wisconsin Rapids, WI Demonstration Thermo - Gasification Pacific Ethanol Boardman, OR Demonstration Biochemical RSA Old Town, ME Demonstration Biochemical Sapphire Energy Inc. Columbus, NM Demonstration Algae/CO2 Verenium Jennings, LA Demonstration Biochemical Myriant Lake Providence, LA Demonstration Biochemical Algenol Biofuels Inc Fort Myers, FL Pilot Algae/CO2 American Process Inc. Alpena, MI Pilot Biochemical Amyris Biotechnologies Inc. Emeryville, CA Pilot Biochemical Archer Daniels Midland Decatur, IL Pilot Biochemical ClearFuels Technology Commerce City, CO Pilot Thermo - Gasification Haldor Topsoe Inc. Des Plaines, IL Pilot Thermo - Gasification ICM Inc. St. Joseph, MO Pilot Biochemical Logos Technologies Visalia, CA Pilot Biochemical Renewable Energy Institute International Toledo, OH Pilot Thermo - Gasification Solazyme Inc. Riverside, PA Pilot Algae/Sugar UOP LLC Kapolei, HI Pilot Thermo - Pyrolysis ZeaChem Inc. Boardman, OR Pilot Hybrid Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program, November 2010. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/ibr_portfolio_overview.pdf Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
Below are nine projects relevant to the development of biorefinery technologies that were initiated during the 2000 to 2003 time frame by the U.S. Department of Energy. All projects have ended, some of the project partners are now involved in new biorefinery projects, while others have abandoned their efforts in this area. Project name Making Industrial Biorefining Happen Integrated Corn-Based Biorefinery Advancing Biorefining of Distillers' Grain and Corn Stover Blends: Pre- Commercialization of a Biomass-Derived Process Technology Big Island Demonstration project - Black Liquor Collection, Commercial Processing, and Utilization of Corn Stover/Making Industrial Biorefining Enhancement of Co- Products from Bioconversion of Muncipal Solid Waste A New Biorefinery Platform Intermediate A Second Generation Dry Mill Biorefinery Separation of Corn Fiber and Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals Phase II: Pilot-Scale Operation Lead Partner/ Project Period Project cost Project Description and Status Cargill-Dow LLC FY 2003-2007 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. FY 2003-2007 Abengoa Bioenergy Corporation FY 2003-2007 Georgia Pacific FY 2000 - 2007 Cargill-Dow LLC FY 2003-2007 Masada OxyNol, LLC FY 2001 - 2004 Cargill, Inc. FY 2003 - 2007 Broin and Associates FY 2003 - 2007 Section: BIOREFINERIES Recently Completed U.S. Department of Energy Biorefinery Projects $26 million Develop and build a pilot-scale biorefinery that produces sugars and chemicals such as lactic acid and ethanol from grain. Current Status: Cargill Dow LLC is now known as NatureWorks LLC following Cargill's acquisition of The Dow Chemical Companies interest in the venture. The NatureWorks LLC website suggests that all products are currently made from corn starch. $18.2 million Development of a biorefinery concept that converts both starch (such as corn) and lignocellulose (such as corn stover) to fermentable sugars for production of value added chemicals (like 1,3 propanediol) and fuel ethanol. Current status. Du Pont is making major investments in bioenergy technologies. The chemical 1,3 propanediol is now being commercial produced at DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products, LLC. in Loudon, Tennessee. DuPont and Genencor formed a joint venture company, DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC, in May 2008 and this company is now the lead partner on the biorefinery project in Vonore, TN. $17.7 million Develop a process for pretreating a blend of distillers' grain (animal feed co-product from corn ethanol production) and stover to allow ethanol production from both, while leaving a high-protein animal feed. A large-scale pilot facility will be built for integration with High Plains' ethanol plant in York, Nebraska. NA The project involved the design and operation of a black liquor gasifier that was to be integrated into Georgia-Pacific's Big Island facility in Virginia. This project anticipated helping pulp and paper mills with the replacement of recovery boilers that are reaching retirement. Current Status: The gasifier was built but the design did not function as anticipated and no current information can be located regarding any further work on the gasifier. NA Develop new technologies that assist in the harvesting, transport, storage, and separation of corn residues. Engineer a fermentation system that will meet the performance targets for the commercial manufacture of lactic acid and ethanol from corn stover. Current Status: See description above. NA The unit operations of the Masada OxyNol TM process were to be examined and research focused on improving conversion efficiencies, mitigating scale-up risks, and improving the co-product quality and marketability. Current Status: The company now called Pencor-Masada Oxynol signed an agreement in 2004 with the city of Middletown, New York to build a waste-to-ethanol plant with a projected completion date in 2008. As of December 2007 the company was still trying to attract investors. The companies website still indicates that the project is proceeding, though the city has taken the company to court for failing to meet deadlines. $6 million Develop fermentative organisms and processes to ferment carbohydrates to 3hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) and then make a slate of products from the 3-HP. Current Status: Cargill does make ethanol from corn starch at multiple locations. Their website suggests that the only current involvement in cellulosic ethanol is the funding provided to Iowa State University that includes money for an economic analysis of corn stover production, harvest, handling and storage. $5.4 million Separate bran, germ, and endosperm from corn kernels prior to making ethanol from the remaining starch. Investigate making high-value products, as well as ethanol and animal feed from the separated fractions. Current Status: Broin and Associates, now called POET, is pursuing "Project Liberty", a project that is constructing a cellulosic ethanol production stream at their Scotland N.D. corn to ethanol facility. This project was awarded DOE funding in February 2007 and corn cobs were harvested in 2007 as feedstock for the facility. National Corn $2.4 million Under a previous DOE-funded project, a process was developed for separation of Growers hemicellulose, protein, and oil from corn fiber. This project will pilot-scale test and Association FY validate this process for commercial use. Current Status: ADM a partner in the NCGA 2003 - 2007 project announced in August 2008 that it was partnering with John Deere to harvest, t d t t id f f d d f d d ti Th j t ill Sources: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program, October, 2011, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/factsheets.html Websites of all companies serving as project leaders or key partners on the DOE funded projects. Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
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USEFUL WEB SITES GOVERNMENT LINKS U
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Users of the Biomass Energy Data B
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PREFACE The Department of Energy, t
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOMASS Contents Da
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Legislation passed in December 2007
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Natural Gas Plant Nuclear Electric
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Biofuels, which are produced mainly
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In 2010, biomass accounted for abou
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Biomass is the single largest sourc
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Life-cycle analyses (LCAs) are anot
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Indirect Land-Use Change - The Issu
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Greenhouse gas emissions are one of
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potential energy crop supplies vary
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In 2007, the United States had a to
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Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
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Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
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Currently used biomass feedstocks a
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BIOFUELS Contents Data Type Updated
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Biofuels Overview A variety of fuel
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Section: BIOFUELS Diagram of Routes
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Ethanol Overview There are two type
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Property Ethanol Gasoline No. 2 Die
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Fuel ethanol production has been on
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Although ethanol can be made from a
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With increased blending of ethanol
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The mash is processed in a high-tem
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4. Cellulose Hydrolysis. In this st
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Ethanol is used as an oxygenate, bl
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The net energy balance and greenhou
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This figure shows the fossil energy
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The GREET model was developed by Ar
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Biodiesel Overview Biodiesel is a c
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SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
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SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
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Section: BIOFUELS Typical Proportio
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Property Test Method B6 to B20 S15
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The results of a study conducted by
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Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition
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Bio-oil is a liquid fuel made from
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Section: BIOFUELS Annotated Summary
Page 82 and 83: BIOPOWER Contents Data Type Updated
Page 84 and 85: Technology Category Biomass Convers
Page 86 and 87: Reburning with Wood Fuels for NOx M
Page 88 and 89: Fuel And EIA Fuel Code Emissions Un
Page 90 and 91: For the purpose of agricultural soi
Page 92 and 93: There are three distinct markets fo
Page 94 and 95: There are a growing number of utili
Page 96 and 97: Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
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Page 100 and 101: Competitive Electricity Markets Ret
Page 102 and 103: Number of New Biomass Plants Megawa
Page 104 and 105: Current Biomass Power Plants (Conti
Page 106 and 107: New Plants Megawatts 100 90 80 70 6
Page 108 and 109: Current Landfill Gas Power Plants (
Page 116 and 117: New Plants Megawatts 35 30 25 20 15
Page 118 and 119: Current Municipal Solid Waste Power
Page 120 and 121: Green Pricing Programs, which allow
Page 122 and 123: Section: BIOPOWER Coal Displacement
Page 124 and 125: Section: BIOPOWER Number of Home El
Page 126 and 127: Biorefineries Overview As a petrole
Page 128 and 129: Below are nineteen projects relevan
Page 130 and 131: Section: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
Page 134 and 135: FEEDSTOCKS Contents Data Type Updat
Page 136 and 137: Pellet and Cordwood Appliance Shipm
Page 138 and 139: Year Planted a Harvested 1,000 Acre
Page 140 and 141: Item Gross value of production 2009
Page 142 and 143: The figure below shows that corn us
Page 144 and 145: Overall, the price for corn has bee
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Page 148 and 149: Due largely to increased ethanol de
Page 150 and 151: Production of food for domestic liv
Page 152 and 153: These data show that government sub
Page 154 and 155: 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007
Page 156 and 157: Year Area Planted Harvested Section
Page 160 and 161: The price for sorghum declined from
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Page 164 and 165: Item 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/1
Page 166 and 167: Planted a Year harvested Marketing
Page 168 and 169: Supply Section: FEEDSTOCKS Wheat: S
Page 172 and 173: Camelina can be grown under margina
Page 174 and 175: 2007 2008 2009 b 2007 2008 2009 b 2
Page 176 and 177: USDA's 2008 soybean baseline projec
Page 178 and 179: Year Area Planted Section: FEEDSTOC
Page 180 and 181: In 2006, soybean stocks and product
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Soybean production area is similar
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Using algae as a feedstock for biof
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Logging residues are the unused por
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Forest residue thinnings are the ma
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The Forest Service's State and Priv
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The map below showing feedlot capac
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Although the mill residues shown in
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Shipments of cordwood appliances ha
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Construction and demolition produce
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Appendix A - Conversions Contents D
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Section: Appendix A Heat Content Ra
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The Effect of Moisture on Heating V
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Measured Moisture, Elements, and Hi
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List and Definition of Symbols Symb
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Section: Appendix A Estimation of B
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Section: Appendix A Stand Level Bio
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The conversions in this table are o
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Section: Appendix A Estimating Tons
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Mass Section: Appendix A Mass Units
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Capacity and Volume 1 U.S. gallon (
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FROM: MJ J k W h Btu IT cal IT mega
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Section: Appendix A Alternative Mea
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Section: Appendix A SI Prefixes and
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Section: Appendix A Cost per Unit C
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Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
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Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
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Avoided costs - An investment guide
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Bulk density - Weight per unit of v
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harvested and cropland left idle al
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Feller-buncher - A self-propelled m
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Gasifier - A device for converting
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Horsepower - (electrical horsepower
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Moisture content - (MC) The weight
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Photosynthesis - Process by which c
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Reserve margin - The amount by whic
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Sustainable - An ecosystem conditio
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Waste streams - Unused solid or liq
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