Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 4 - Full Document - Center for ...

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Appendix A - Conversions Contents Data Type Updated Lower and Higher Heating Values of Gas, Liquid and Solid Fuels Table 09/30/2011 Heat Content Ranges for Various Biomass Fuels Table 09/30/2011 Average Heat Content for Selected Waste Fuels Table 09/30/2011 The Effect of Moisture on Heating Values Table 09/30/2011 Forestry Volume Unit to Biomass Weight Considerations Table 09/30/2011 Estimation of Biomass Weights from Forestry Volume Data Table 09/30/2011 Forestry Volume Unit to Biomass Weight Examples Table 09/30/2011 Stand Level Biomass Estimation Table 09/30/2011 Number of Trees per Acre and Hectare by Tree Spacing Combination Table 09/30/2011 Wood and Log Volume to Volume Conversion Factors Table 09/30/2011 Estimating Tons of Wood Residues Per Thousand Board Feet of Lumber Produced by Sawmills Table 09/30/2011 Estimating Tons of Wood Residue Per Thousand Board Feet of Wood Used for Selected Products Table 09/30/2011 Area and Length Conversions Table 09/30/2011 Mass Units and Mass per Unit Area Conversions Table 09/30/2011 Distance and Velocity Conversions Table 09/30/2011 Capacity, Volume and Specific Volume Conversions Table 09/30/2011 Power Unit Conversions Table 09/30/2011 Small and Large Energy Units and Energy per Unit Weight Conversions Table 09/30/2011 Most Commonly Used Biomass Conversion Factors Table 09/30/2011 Alternative Measures of Greenhouse Gases Table 09/30/2011 Fuel Efficiency Conversions Table 09/30/2011 SI Prefixes and Their Values Table 09/30/2011 Metric Units and Abbreviations Table 09/30/2011 Cost per Unit Conversions Table 09/30/2011 Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
Section: Appendix A Lower and Higher Heating Values of Gas, Liquid and Solid Fuels Fuels Lower Heating Value (LHV) [1] Higher Heating Value (HHV) [1] Density Gaseous Fuels @ 32 F and 1 atm Btu/ft3 [2] Btu/lb [3] MJ/kg [4] Btu/ft3 [2] Btu/lb [3] MJ/kg [4] grams/ft3 Natural gas 983 20,267 47.141 1089 22,453 52.225 22.0 Hydrogen 290 51,682 120.21 343 61,127 142.18 2.55 Still gas (in refineries) 1458 20,163 46.898 1,584 21,905 50.951 32.8 Liquid Fuels Btu/gal [2] Btu/lb [3] MJ/kg [4] Btu/gal [2] Btu/lb [3] MJ/kg [4] grams/gal Crude oil 129,670 18,352 42.686 138,350 19,580 45.543 3,205 Conventional gasoline 116,090 18,679 43.448 124,340 20,007 46.536 2,819 Reformulated or low-sulfur gasoline 113,602 18,211 42.358 121,848 19,533 45.433 2,830 CA reformulated gasoline 113,927 18,272 42.500 122,174 19,595 45.577 2,828 U.S. conventional diesel 128,450 18,397 42.791 137,380 19,676 45.766 3,167 Low-sulfur diesel 129,488 18,320 42.612 138,490 19,594 45.575 3,206 Petroleum naphtha 116,920 19,320 44.938 125,080 20,669 48.075 2,745 NG-based FT naphtha 111,520 19,081 44.383 119,740 20,488 47.654 2,651 Residual oil 140,353 16,968 39.466 150,110 18,147 42.210 3,752 Methanol 57,250 8,639 20.094 65,200 9,838 22.884 3,006 Ethanol 76,330 11,587 26.952 84,530 12,832 29.847 2,988 Butanol 99,837 14,775 34.366 108,458 16,051 37.334 3,065 Acetone 83,127 12,721 29.589 89,511 13,698 31.862 2,964 E-Diesel Additives 116,090 18,679 43.448 124,340 20,007 46.536 2,819 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 84,950 20,038 46.607 91,410 21,561 50.152 1,923 Liquefied natural gas (LNG) 74,720 20,908 48.632 84,820 23,734 55.206 1,621 Dimethyl ether (DME) 68,930 12,417 28.882 75,610 13,620 31.681 2,518 Dimethoxy methane (DMM) 72,200 10,061 23.402 79,197 11,036 25.670 3,255 Methyl ester (biodiesel, BD) 119,550 16,134 37.528 127,960 17,269 40.168 3,361 Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD) 123,670 18,593 43.247 130,030 19,549 45.471 3,017 Renewable Diesel I (SuperCetane) 117,059 18,729 43.563 125,294 20,047 46.628 2,835 Renewable Diesel II (UOP-HDO) 122,887 18,908 43.979 130,817 20,128 46.817 2,948 Renewable Gasoline 115,983 18,590 43.239 124,230 19,911 46.314 2,830 Liquid Hydrogen 30,500 51,621 120.07 36,020 60,964 141.80 268 Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 93,540 15,094 35.108 101,130 16,319 37.957 2,811 Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) 96,720 15,613 36.315 104,530 16,873 39.247 2,810 Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) 100,480 15,646 36.392 108,570 16,906 39.322 2,913 Butane 94,970 19,466 45.277 103,220 21,157 49.210 2,213 Isobutane 90,060 19,287 44.862 98,560 21,108 49.096 2,118 Isobutylene 95,720 19,271 44.824 103,010 20,739 48.238 2,253 Propane 84,250 19,904 46.296 91,420 21,597 50.235 1,920 Solid Fuels Btu/ton [2] Btu/lb [5] MJ/kg [4] Btu/ton [2] Btu/lb [5] MJ/kg [4] Coal (wet basis) [6] 19,546,300 9,773 22.732 20,608,570 10,304 23.968 Bituminous coal (wet basis) [7] 22,460,600 11,230 26.122 23,445,900 11,723 27.267 Coking coal (wet basis) 24,600,497 12,300 28.610 25,679,670 12,840 29.865 Farmed trees (dry basis) 16,811,000 8,406 19.551 17,703,170 8,852 20.589 Herbaceous biomass (dry basis) 14,797,555 7,399 17.209 15,582,870 7,791 18.123 Corn stover (dry basis) 14,075,990 7,038 16.370 14,974,460 7,487 17.415 Forest residue (dry basis) 13,243,490 6,622 15.402 14,164,160 7,082 16.473 Sugar cane bagasse 12,947,318 6,474 15.058 14,062,678 7,031 16.355 Petroleum coke 25,370,000 12,685 29.505 26,920,000 13,460 31.308 Source: GREET, The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use In Transportation Model, GREET 1.8d.1, developed by Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, released August 26, 2010. http://greet.es.anl.gov/ Notes: [1] The lower heating value (also known as net calorific value) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity (initially at 25°C) and returning the temperature of the combustion products to 150°C, which assumes the latent heat of vaporization of water in the reaction products is not recovered. The LHV are the useful calorific values in boiler combustion plants and are frequently used in Europe. The higher heating value (also known as gross calorific value or gross energy) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by a specified quantity (initially at 25°C) once it is combusted and the products have returned to a temperature of 25°C, which takes into account the latent heat of vaporization of water in the combustion products. The HHV are derived only under laboratory conditions, and are frequently used in the US for solid fuels. [2] Btu = British thermal unit. [3] The heating values for gaseous fuels in units of Btu/lb are calculated based on the heating values in units of Btu/ft3 and the corresponding [4] The heating values in units of MJ/kg, are converted from the heating values in units of Btu/lb. [5] For solid fuels, the heating values in units of Btu/lb are converted from the heating values in units of Btu/ton. [6] Coal characteristics assumed by GREET for electric power production. [7] Coal characteristics assumed by GREET for hydrogen and Fischer-Tropsch diesel production. Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
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USEFUL WEB SITES GOVERNMENT LINKS U
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Users of the Biomass Energy Data B
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PREFACE The Department of Energy, t
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOMASS Contents Da
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Legislation passed in December 2007
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Natural Gas Plant Nuclear Electric
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Biofuels, which are produced mainly
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In 2010, biomass accounted for abou
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Biomass is the single largest sourc
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Life-cycle analyses (LCAs) are anot
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Indirect Land-Use Change - The Issu
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Greenhouse gas emissions are one of
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potential energy crop supplies vary
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In 2007, the United States had a to
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Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
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Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
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Currently used biomass feedstocks a
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BIOFUELS Contents Data Type Updated
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Biofuels Overview A variety of fuel
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Section: BIOFUELS Diagram of Routes
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Ethanol Overview There are two type
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Property Ethanol Gasoline No. 2 Die
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Fuel ethanol production has been on
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Although ethanol can be made from a
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With increased blending of ethanol
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The mash is processed in a high-tem
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4. Cellulose Hydrolysis. In this st
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Ethanol is used as an oxygenate, bl
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The net energy balance and greenhou
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This figure shows the fossil energy
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The GREET model was developed by Ar
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Biodiesel Overview Biodiesel is a c
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SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
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SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
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Section: BIOFUELS Typical Proportio
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Property Test Method B6 to B20 S15
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The results of a study conducted by
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Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition
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Bio-oil is a liquid fuel made from
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Section: BIOFUELS Annotated Summary
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BIOPOWER Contents Data Type Updated
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Technology Category Biomass Convers
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Reburning with Wood Fuels for NOx M
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Fuel And EIA Fuel Code Emissions Un
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For the purpose of agricultural soi
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There are three distinct markets fo
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There are a growing number of utili
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Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
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Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
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Competitive Electricity Markets Ret
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Number of New Biomass Plants Megawa
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Current Biomass Power Plants (Conti
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New Plants Megawatts 100 90 80 70 6
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Current Landfill Gas Power Plants (
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New Plants Megawatts 35 30 25 20 15
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Current Municipal Solid Waste Power
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Green Pricing Programs, which allow
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Section: BIOPOWER Coal Displacement
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Section: BIOPOWER Number of Home El
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Biorefineries Overview As a petrole
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Below are nineteen projects relevan
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Section: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
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SECTION: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
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FEEDSTOCKS Contents Data Type Updat
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Pellet and Cordwood Appliance Shipm
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Year Planted a Harvested 1,000 Acre
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Item Gross value of production 2009
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The figure below shows that corn us
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Overall, the price for corn has bee
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Production of sufficient quantities
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Due largely to increased ethanol de
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Page 156 and 157: Year Area Planted Harvested Section
Page 158 and 159: Item Gross value of production 2009
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Page 164 and 165: Item 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/1
Page 166 and 167: Planted a Year harvested Marketing
Page 168 and 169: Supply Section: FEEDSTOCKS Wheat: S
Page 170 and 171: Item Gross value of production 2009
Page 172 and 173: Camelina can be grown under margina
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Page 176 and 177: USDA's 2008 soybean baseline projec
Page 178 and 179: Year Area Planted Section: FEEDSTOC
Page 180 and 181: In 2006, soybean stocks and product
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Page 184 and 185: Using algae as a feedstock for biof
Page 186 and 187: Logging residues are the unused por
Page 188 and 189: Forest residue thinnings are the ma
Page 190 and 191: The Forest Service's State and Priv
Page 192 and 193: The map below showing feedlot capac
Page 194 and 195: Although the mill residues shown in
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Page 198 and 199: Construction and demolition produce
Page 202 and 203: Section: Appendix A Heat Content Ra
Page 204 and 205: The Effect of Moisture on Heating V
Page 206 and 207: Measured Moisture, Elements, and Hi
Page 208 and 209: List and Definition of Symbols Symb
Page 210 and 211: Section: Appendix A Estimation of B
Page 212 and 213: Section: Appendix A Stand Level Bio
Page 214 and 215: The conversions in this table are o
Page 216 and 217: Section: Appendix A Estimating Tons
Page 218 and 219: Mass Section: Appendix A Mass Units
Page 220 and 221: Capacity and Volume 1 U.S. gallon (
Page 222 and 223: FROM: MJ J k W h Btu IT cal IT mega
Page 224 and 225: Section: Appendix A Alternative Mea
Page 226 and 227: Section: Appendix A SI Prefixes and
Page 228 and 229: Section: Appendix A Cost per Unit C
Page 230 and 231: Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
Page 232 and 233: Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
Page 234 and 235: Avoided costs - An investment guide
Page 236 and 237: Bulk density - Weight per unit of v
Page 238 and 239: harvested and cropland left idle al
Page 240 and 241: Feller-buncher - A self-propelled m
Page 242 and 243: Gasifier - A device for converting
Page 244 and 245: Horsepower - (electrical horsepower
Page 246 and 247: Moisture content - (MC) The weight
Page 248 and 249: Photosynthesis - Process by which c
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Reserve margin - The amount by whic
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Sustainable - An ecosystem conditio
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Waste streams - Unused solid or liq
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