Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 4 - Full Document - Center for ...

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Biofuels Overview A variety of fuels can be produced from biomass resources including liquid fuels, such as, ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel and gasoline, and gaseous fuels, such as hydrogen and methane. Biofuels are primarily used to fuel vehicles, but can also fuel engines or fuel cells for electricity generation. Fuels Ethanol Ethanol is most commonly made by converting the starch from corn into sugar, which is then converted into ethanol in a fermentation process similar to brewing beer. Ethanol is the most widely used biofuel today with 2010 production and consumption at over 13 billion gallons based primarily on corn. Ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is currently the subject of extensive research, development and demonstration efforts. Biodiesel Biodiesel is produced through a process in which organically derived oils are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. The biomass-derived ethyl or methyl esters can be blended with conventional diesel fuel or used as a neat fuel (100% biodiesel). Biodiesel can be made from any vegetable oil, animal fats, waste vegetable oils, or microalgae oils. Soybeans and Canola (rapeseed) oils are the most common vegetable oils used today. Bio-oil A totally different process than that used for biodiesel production can be used to convert biomass into a type of fuel similar to diesel which is known as bio-oil. The process, called fast or flash pyrolysis, occurs when heating compact solid fuels at temperatures between 350 and 500 degrees Celsius for a very short period of time (less than 2 seconds). While there are several fast pyrolysis technologies under development, there are only two commercial fast pyrolysis technologies as of 2009. The bio-oils currently produced are suitable for use in boilers for electricity generation. There is currently ongoing research and development to produce bioOil of sufficient quality for transportation applications. Other Hydrocarbon Biofuels Biomass can be gasified to produce a synthesis gas composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, also called syngas or biosyngas. Syngas produced today is used directly to generate heat and power but several types of biofuels may be derived from syngas. Hydrogen can be recovered from this syngas, or it can be catalytically converted to methanol or ethanol. The gas can also be run through a biological reactor to produce ethanol or can also be converted using Fischer-Tropsch catalyst into a liquid stream with properties similar to diesel fuel, called Fischer-Tropsch diesel. However, all of these fuels can also be produced from natural gas using a similar process. A wide range of single molecule biofuels or fuel additives can be made from lignocellulosic biomass. Such production has the advantage of being chemically essentially the same as petroleum-based fuels. Thus modifications to existing engines and fuel distribution infrastructure are not required. Additional information on green hydrocarbon fuels can be found on the Green Hydrocarbon Biofuels page. Sources: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/ Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
Green Hydrocarbon Biofuels A biofuel is a liquid transportation fuel made from biomass. A wide range of single molecule biofuels or fuel additives can be made from lignocellulosic biomass including: • Ethanol or ethyl alcohol • Butanol or butyl alcohol • Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) or furfural • Gamma valerolactone (GVL) • Ethyl levulinate (ELV) The production of hydrocarbon biofuels from biomass has many advantages: • “Green” hydrocarbon fuels are chemically essentially the same as petroleum-based fuels. Thus modifications to existing engines and fuel distribution infrastructure are not required. • “Green” hydrocarbon fuels are energy equivalent to petroleum-based fuels, thus no mileage penalty is encountered from their use. • “Green” hydrocarbon fuels are immiscible in water. This allows the biofuels to self-separate from water which eliminates the high cost associated with water separation by distillation. • “Green” hydrocarbon fuels are produced at high temperatures, which translates into faster reactions and smaller reactors. This allows for the fabrication and use of portable processing units that allow the conversion of biomass closer to the biomass source. • The amount of water required for processing “Green” hydrocarbon fuels from biomass, if any, is minimal. • The heterogeneous catalysts used for the production of “Green” hydrocarbon biofuels are inherently recyclable, allowing them to be used for months or years. Additionally, “Green” gasoline or diesel biofuels, which are a mixture of compounds, can be synthesized from lignocellulosic biomass by catalytic deoxygenation. Green diesel can also be made via the catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids derived from virgin or waste vegetable oils or animal fats. Biofuels can be produced using either biological (e.g., yeast) or chemical catalysts with each having advantages and disadvantages. Chemical catalysts range from solid heterogeneous catalysts to homogeneous acids. Most biofuel production pathways use chemical catalysts. Source: National Science Foundation. 2008. Breaking the Chemical and Engineering Barriers to Lignocellulosic Biofuels: Next Generation Hydrocarbon Biorefineries, Ed. George Huber. University of Massachusetts Amherst. National Science Foundation. Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems Division. Washington D.C. Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
Page 2 and 3: USEFUL WEB SITES GOVERNMENT LINKS U
Page 4 and 5: Users of the Biomass Energy Data B
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE The Department of Energy, t
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTION TO BIOMASS Contents Da
Page 10 and 11: Legislation passed in December 2007
Page 12 and 13: Natural Gas Plant Nuclear Electric
Page 14 and 15: Biofuels, which are produced mainly
Page 16 and 17: In 2010, biomass accounted for abou
Page 18 and 19: Biomass is the single largest sourc
Page 20 and 21: Life-cycle analyses (LCAs) are anot
Page 22 and 23: Indirect Land-Use Change - The Issu
Page 24 and 25: Greenhouse gas emissions are one of
Page 26 and 27: potential energy crop supplies vary
Page 28 and 29: In 2007, the United States had a to
Page 30 and 31: Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
Page 32 and 33: Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
Page 34 and 35: Currently used biomass feedstocks a
Page 36 and 37: BIOFUELS Contents Data Type Updated
Page 40 and 41: Section: BIOFUELS Diagram of Routes
Page 42 and 43: Ethanol Overview There are two type
Page 44 and 45: Property Ethanol Gasoline No. 2 Die
Page 46 and 47: Fuel ethanol production has been on
Page 48 and 49: Although ethanol can be made from a
Page 50 and 51: With increased blending of ethanol
Page 52 and 53: The mash is processed in a high-tem
Page 54 and 55: 4. Cellulose Hydrolysis. In this st
Page 56 and 57: Ethanol is used as an oxygenate, bl
Page 58 and 59: The net energy balance and greenhou
Page 60 and 61: This figure shows the fossil energy
Page 62 and 63: The GREET model was developed by Ar
Page 64 and 65: Biodiesel Overview Biodiesel is a c
Page 66 and 67: SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
Page 68 and 69: SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
Page 70 and 71: Section: BIOFUELS Typical Proportio
Page 72 and 73: Property Test Method B6 to B20 S15
Page 74 and 75: The results of a study conducted by
Page 76 and 77: Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition
Page 78 and 79: Bio-oil is a liquid fuel made from
Page 80 and 81: Section: BIOFUELS Annotated Summary
Page 82 and 83: BIOPOWER Contents Data Type Updated
Page 84 and 85: Technology Category Biomass Convers
Page 86 and 87: Reburning with Wood Fuels for NOx M
Page 88 and 89:
Fuel And EIA Fuel Code Emissions Un
Page 90 and 91:
For the purpose of agricultural soi
Page 92 and 93:
There are three distinct markets fo
Page 94 and 95:
There are a growing number of utili
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Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
Page 98 and 99:
Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
Page 100 and 101:
Competitive Electricity Markets Ret
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Number of New Biomass Plants Megawa
Page 104 and 105:
Current Biomass Power Plants (Conti
Page 106 and 107:
New Plants Megawatts 100 90 80 70 6
Page 108 and 109:
Current Landfill Gas Power Plants (
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
New Plants Megawatts 35 30 25 20 15
Page 118 and 119:
Current Municipal Solid Waste Power
Page 120 and 121:
Green Pricing Programs, which allow
Page 122 and 123:
Section: BIOPOWER Coal Displacement
Page 124 and 125:
Section: BIOPOWER Number of Home El
Page 126 and 127:
Biorefineries Overview As a petrole
Page 128 and 129:
Below are nineteen projects relevan
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Section: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
Page 132 and 133:
SECTION: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
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FEEDSTOCKS Contents Data Type Updat
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Pellet and Cordwood Appliance Shipm
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Year Planted a Harvested 1,000 Acre
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Item Gross value of production 2009
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The figure below shows that corn us
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Overall, the price for corn has bee
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Production of sufficient quantities
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Due largely to increased ethanol de
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Production of food for domestic liv
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These data show that government sub
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2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007
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Year Area Planted Harvested Section
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
The price for sorghum declined from
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Sorghum is used for ethanol product
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Item 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/1
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Planted a Year harvested Marketing
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Supply Section: FEEDSTOCKS Wheat: S
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Page 172 and 173:
Camelina can be grown under margina
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2007 2008 2009 b 2007 2008 2009 b 2
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USDA's 2008 soybean baseline projec
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Year Area Planted Section: FEEDSTOC
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In 2006, soybean stocks and product
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Soybean production area is similar
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Using algae as a feedstock for biof
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Logging residues are the unused por
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Forest residue thinnings are the ma
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The Forest Service's State and Priv
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The map below showing feedlot capac
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Although the mill residues shown in
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Shipments of cordwood appliances ha
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Construction and demolition produce
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Appendix A - Conversions Contents D
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Section: Appendix A Heat Content Ra
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The Effect of Moisture on Heating V
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Measured Moisture, Elements, and Hi
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List and Definition of Symbols Symb
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Section: Appendix A Estimation of B
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Section: Appendix A Stand Level Bio
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The conversions in this table are o
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Section: Appendix A Estimating Tons
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Mass Section: Appendix A Mass Units
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Capacity and Volume 1 U.S. gallon (
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FROM: MJ J k W h Btu IT cal IT mega
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Section: Appendix A Alternative Mea
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Section: Appendix A SI Prefixes and
Page 228 and 229:
Section: Appendix A Cost per Unit C
Page 230 and 231:
Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
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Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
Page 234 and 235:
Avoided costs - An investment guide
Page 236 and 237:
Bulk density - Weight per unit of v
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harvested and cropland left idle al
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Feller-buncher - A self-propelled m
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Gasifier - A device for converting
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Horsepower - (electrical horsepower
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Moisture content - (MC) The weight
Page 248 and 249:
Photosynthesis - Process by which c
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Reserve margin - The amount by whic
Page 252 and 253:
Sustainable - An ecosystem conditio
Page 254:
Waste streams - Unused solid or liq
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