Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 4 - Full Document - Center for ...

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BIOPOWER Contents Data Type Updated Biomass Power Overview Text 04/05/2011 Biomass Power Technology in Commercial/Demonstration Phase During 2000-2006 Table 09/20/2011 Alkali Content and Slagging Potential of Various Biofuels Table 09/20/2011 Reburning with Wood Fuels for NOx Mitigation Text 09/30/2011 Carbon Dioxide Uncontrolled Emission Factors Table 09/30/2011 Nitrogen Oxides Uncontrolled Emission Factors Table 09/30/2011 Sulfur Dioxide Uncontrolled Emission Factors Table 09/30/2011 Range in Elemental Composition of Industrial Wood Ash Samples and Ground Limestone Table 09/30/2011 Biomass Power Technology Fuel Specifications and Capacity Range Table 09/30/2011 Renewable Energy Generation and Capacity Supplying Green Pricing Programs, 2009 Table 09/30/2011 Renewable Energy Sources Supplying Competitive and REC Markets, 2009 Table 09/30/2011 Utility Green Pricing Programs Using Biomass and Biomass Based Resources Table 09/30/2011 Competitive Electricity Markets Retail Green Power Product Offerings, August 2010 Table 09/30/2011 National Retail Renewable Energy Certificate Product Offerings, August 2010 Table 09/30/2011 New Biomass Power Plants by Year Figure 09/30/2011 Biomass Power Plant Capacity by Year Figure 09/30/2011 Current Biomass Power Plants Table 09/30/2011 New Landfill Gas Power Plants by Year Figure 09/30/2011 Landfill Gas Power Plant Capacity by Year Figure 09/30/2011 Current Landfill Gas Power Plants Table 09/30/2011 New Municipal Solid Waste Power Plants by Year Figure 09/30/2011 Municipal Solid Waste Power Plant Capacity by year Figure 09/30/2011 Current Municipal Solid Waste Power Plants Table 09/30/2011 Green Pricing and Net Metering Customers, 2002 - 2009 Table 09/30/2011 Capacity Additions and Retirements by Energy Source, 2009 Table 09/30/2011 Fossil Fuel Displacement by Biopower Coal Displacement Calculation, 2010 Table 09/30/2011 Renewable Energy Impacts Calculation, 2010 Table 09/30/2011 Number of Home Electricity Needs Met Calculation, 2010 Table 09/30/2011 Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
Biomass Power Overview Biomass power technologies convert renewable biomass fuels to heat and electricity using processes similar to that used with fossil fuels. Next to hydropower, more electricity is generated from biomass than any other renewable energy resource in the United States. A key attribute of biomass is its availability upon demand - the energy is stored within the biomass until it is needed. Other forms of renewable energy are dependent on variable environmental conditions such as wind speed or sunlight intensity. Today in parts of the developing world, biomass is primarily used to provide heat for cooking and comfort. Technologies have now been developed which can generate electricity from the energy in biomass fuels. Biomass technologies are highly scaleable - small enough to be used on a farm or in remote villages, or large enough to provide power for a small city. There are four primary classes of biopower systems: direct-fired, co-fired, gasification, and modular systems. Most of today's biopower plants are direct-fired systems that are similar to most fossil-fuel fired power plants. The biomass fuel is burned in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam. This steam is introduced into a steam turbine, where it flows over a series of aerodynamic turbine blades, causing the turbine to rotate. The turbine is connected to an electric generator, so as the steam flow causes the turbine to rotate, the electric generator turns and electricity is produced. Biomass power boilers are typically in the 20-50 MW range, compared to coal-fired plants in the 100-1500 MW range. The small capacity plants tend to be lower in efficiency because of economic trade-offs; efficiency-enhancing equipment cannot pay for itself in small plants. Although techniques exist to push biomass steam generation efficiency over 40%, actual plant efficiencies are often in the low 20% range. Co-firing involves substituting biomass for a portion of coal in an existing power plant furnace. It is the most economic near-term option for introducing new biomass power generation. Because much of the existing power plant equipment can be used without major modifications, cofiring is far less expensive than building a new biopower plant. Compared to the coal it replaces, biomass reduces sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other air emissions. After "tuning" the boiler for peak performance, there is little or no loss in efficiency from adding biomass. This allows the energy in biomass to be converted to electricity with the high efficiency (in the 33-37% range) of a modern coal-fired power plant. Biomass gasifiers operate by heating biomass in an oxygen-limited environment where the solid biomass breaks down to form a flammable gas. The producer gas can be cleaned and filtered to remove problem chemical compounds. The producer gas can be used in more efficient power generation systems called combined-cycles, which combine gas turbines and steam turbines to produce electricity. The efficiency of these systems can reach 60 percent. Additionally, gasifiers are sometimes located next to existing coal or natural gas boilers and used to fire or supplement the fuels to these boilers. Modular systems employ some of the same technologies mentioned above, but on a smaller scale that is more applicable to villages, farms, and small industry. These systems are now under development and could be most useful in remote areas where biomass is abundant and electricity is scarce. There are many opportunities for these systems in developing countries. Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biopower.html Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
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USEFUL WEB SITES GOVERNMENT LINKS U
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Users of the Biomass Energy Data B
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PREFACE The Department of Energy, t
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOMASS Contents Da
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Legislation passed in December 2007
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Natural Gas Plant Nuclear Electric
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Biofuels, which are produced mainly
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In 2010, biomass accounted for abou
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Biomass is the single largest sourc
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Life-cycle analyses (LCAs) are anot
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Indirect Land-Use Change - The Issu
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Greenhouse gas emissions are one of
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potential energy crop supplies vary
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In 2007, the United States had a to
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Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
Page 32 and 33: Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
Page 34 and 35: Currently used biomass feedstocks a
Page 36 and 37: BIOFUELS Contents Data Type Updated
Page 38 and 39: Biofuels Overview A variety of fuel
Page 40 and 41: Section: BIOFUELS Diagram of Routes
Page 42 and 43: Ethanol Overview There are two type
Page 44 and 45: Property Ethanol Gasoline No. 2 Die
Page 46 and 47: Fuel ethanol production has been on
Page 48 and 49: Although ethanol can be made from a
Page 50 and 51: With increased blending of ethanol
Page 52 and 53: The mash is processed in a high-tem
Page 54 and 55: 4. Cellulose Hydrolysis. In this st
Page 56 and 57: Ethanol is used as an oxygenate, bl
Page 58 and 59: The net energy balance and greenhou
Page 60 and 61: This figure shows the fossil energy
Page 62 and 63: The GREET model was developed by Ar
Page 64 and 65: Biodiesel Overview Biodiesel is a c
Page 66 and 67: SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
Page 68 and 69: SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
Page 70 and 71: Section: BIOFUELS Typical Proportio
Page 72 and 73: Property Test Method B6 to B20 S15
Page 74 and 75: The results of a study conducted by
Page 76 and 77: Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition
Page 78 and 79: Bio-oil is a liquid fuel made from
Page 80 and 81: Section: BIOFUELS Annotated Summary
Page 84 and 85: Technology Category Biomass Convers
Page 86 and 87: Reburning with Wood Fuels for NOx M
Page 88 and 89: Fuel And EIA Fuel Code Emissions Un
Page 90 and 91: For the purpose of agricultural soi
Page 92 and 93: There are three distinct markets fo
Page 94 and 95: There are a growing number of utili
Page 96 and 97: Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
Page 98 and 99: Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
Page 100 and 101: Competitive Electricity Markets Ret
Page 102 and 103: Number of New Biomass Plants Megawa
Page 104 and 105: Current Biomass Power Plants (Conti
Page 106 and 107: New Plants Megawatts 100 90 80 70 6
Page 108 and 109: Current Landfill Gas Power Plants (
Page 116 and 117: New Plants Megawatts 35 30 25 20 15
Page 118 and 119: Current Municipal Solid Waste Power
Page 120 and 121: Green Pricing Programs, which allow
Page 122 and 123: Section: BIOPOWER Coal Displacement
Page 124 and 125: Section: BIOPOWER Number of Home El
Page 126 and 127: Biorefineries Overview As a petrole
Page 128 and 129: Below are nineteen projects relevan
Page 130 and 131: Section: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
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SECTION: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
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FEEDSTOCKS Contents Data Type Updat
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Pellet and Cordwood Appliance Shipm
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Year Planted a Harvested 1,000 Acre
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Item Gross value of production 2009
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The figure below shows that corn us
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Overall, the price for corn has bee
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Production of sufficient quantities
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Due largely to increased ethanol de
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Production of food for domestic liv
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These data show that government sub
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2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007
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Year Area Planted Harvested Section
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The price for sorghum declined from
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Sorghum is used for ethanol product
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Item 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/1
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Planted a Year harvested Marketing
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Supply Section: FEEDSTOCKS Wheat: S
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Camelina can be grown under margina
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2007 2008 2009 b 2007 2008 2009 b 2
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USDA's 2008 soybean baseline projec
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Year Area Planted Section: FEEDSTOC
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In 2006, soybean stocks and product
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Soybean production area is similar
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Using algae as a feedstock for biof
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Logging residues are the unused por
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Forest residue thinnings are the ma
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The Forest Service's State and Priv
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The map below showing feedlot capac
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Although the mill residues shown in
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Shipments of cordwood appliances ha
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Construction and demolition produce
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Appendix A - Conversions Contents D
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Section: Appendix A Heat Content Ra
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The Effect of Moisture on Heating V
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Measured Moisture, Elements, and Hi
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List and Definition of Symbols Symb
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Section: Appendix A Estimation of B
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Section: Appendix A Stand Level Bio
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The conversions in this table are o
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Section: Appendix A Estimating Tons
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Mass Section: Appendix A Mass Units
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Capacity and Volume 1 U.S. gallon (
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FROM: MJ J k W h Btu IT cal IT mega
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Section: Appendix A Alternative Mea
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Section: Appendix A SI Prefixes and
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Section: Appendix A Cost per Unit C
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Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
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Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
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Avoided costs - An investment guide
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Bulk density - Weight per unit of v
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harvested and cropland left idle al
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Feller-buncher - A self-propelled m
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Gasifier - A device for converting
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Horsepower - (electrical horsepower
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Moisture content - (MC) The weight
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Photosynthesis - Process by which c
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Reserve margin - The amount by whic
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Sustainable - An ecosystem conditio
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Waste streams - Unused solid or liq
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