Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 4 - Full Document - Center for ...

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Indirect Land-Use Change – The Issues A central controversy regarding the sustainability of bioenergy concerns the idea of indirect land-use change (iLUC). With respect to bioenergy, we can define iLUC as any land-use change caused by bioenergy production, excluding the conversion of land used directly for that production. The central hypothesis behind iLUC concerns is that when land used for a given purpose is converted to bioenergy feedstock production, then land used for the original purpose will be more scarce, increasing the value of such land and inducing people to convert other land to that purpose. For example, if an acre of land used to grow corn for livestock feed is converted to growing corn for ethanol, then it would be assumed that the price of feed corn would increase by approximately the amount required to induce someone else to convert an acre of land from some other purpose to producing corn for feed. Furthermore, if this land to be converted to feed corn production has high carbon stocks (e.g., old-growth forest), then the conversion will release CO2 to the atmosphere, creating a carbon debt that could take decades to pay off via offset fossil fuel combustion. Under certain simple assumptions, scenarios such as this must occur. For example, attempts to quantify GHG emissions from bioenergy iLUC are guaranteed to produce positive results if researchers use models that assume that: all agricultural land available for conversion is fully utilized, all non-agricultural land available for conversion is relatively undisturbed and has high carbon stores, all land available for conversion is privately held, all landowners seek to maximize profit, and increases in bioenergy production occur suddenly (i.e., act as economic “shocks”). However, these assumptions do not hold in many areas of the world. Because modeling requires generalizations, assumptions will inevitably be violated to some degree. These violations are acceptable only when correcting them would not greatly affect results. In the case of iLUC, conceptual models suggest that correcting some of these assumptions in simulation models could fundamentally change conclusions about iLUC. For example, at the margins of rainforests, land-use change may be driven by multiyear cycles of shifting cultivation, including low-profit and GHG-intensive slash-and-burn techniques. In addition, new deforestation may be driven in part by the desire to claim effectively ungoverned land. Increased commodity prices could plausibly provide incentives for farmers in these areas to more sustainably and intensively manage already-cleared land instead of abandoning it to clear secondary or primary forest. Unfortunately, data may not currently exist to allow iLUC simulations that would take such potentially crucial mechanisms into account. More research is needed to collect such data, including better resolution land-use and land-cover data throughout the world, and surveys of land managers to better understand motivations for management decisions. In addition to better data, more work is needed to integrate existing but difficult-to-reconcile data sets, such as those with high spatial but low temporal resolution and vice-versa. Techniques of causal analysis pioneered in epidemiology Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
hold promise for the challenge of determining whether bioenergy plays a significant market-mediated role in deforestation and other land-use change. Researchers disagree about whether potential iLUC effects should be considered in policymaking. Because some models predict large GHG emissions from iLUC, some researchers argue that not considering iLUC effects would be an unacceptable risk. Other researchers argue that the uncertainty surrounding current estimates of iLUC, both in terms of differing estimates from current models as well as the lack of empirical validation of those models, is too large to consider their results in policymaking. In addition, some researchers argue that considering iLUC effects of bioenergy systems in policymaking is inappropriate because analogous indirect land-use change effects of fossil fuel exploration, extraction, and use are poorly understood and are not taken into account in estimates of environmental and socioeconomic effects of fossil fuels. Finally, there is philosophical debate about how to apportion “blame” (e.g., carbon penalties) among multiple causal factors leading to a given outcome. For example, if certain indirect deforestation would not have occurred in the absence of a biofuel system, then the same could also be said of the individuals or groups actually burning or cutting that forest. Further reading: Fritsche, U. R., Sims, R. E. H. and Monti, A., 2010. Direct and indirect land-use competition issues for energy crops and their sustainable production – an overview. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 4: 692–704. Online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bbb.258/full Kline, K., Dale, V.H., Lee, R., Leiby, P., 2009. In defense of biofuels, done right. Issues Sci. Technol. 25, 75-84. Online at: http://www.issues.org/25.3/kline.html Biomass Energy Data Book – 2011 – http://cta.ornl.gov/bedb
Page 2 and 3: USEFUL WEB SITES GOVERNMENT LINKS U
Page 4 and 5: Users of the Biomass Energy Data B
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE The Department of Energy, t
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTION TO BIOMASS Contents Da
Page 10 and 11: Legislation passed in December 2007
Page 12 and 13: Natural Gas Plant Nuclear Electric
Page 14 and 15: Biofuels, which are produced mainly
Page 16 and 17: In 2010, biomass accounted for abou
Page 18 and 19: Biomass is the single largest sourc
Page 20 and 21: Life-cycle analyses (LCAs) are anot
Page 24 and 25: Greenhouse gas emissions are one of
Page 26 and 27: potential energy crop supplies vary
Page 28 and 29: In 2007, the United States had a to
Page 30 and 31: Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
Page 32 and 33: Section: INTRODUCTION Geographic Lo
Page 34 and 35: Currently used biomass feedstocks a
Page 36 and 37: BIOFUELS Contents Data Type Updated
Page 38 and 39: Biofuels Overview A variety of fuel
Page 40 and 41: Section: BIOFUELS Diagram of Routes
Page 42 and 43: Ethanol Overview There are two type
Page 44 and 45: Property Ethanol Gasoline No. 2 Die
Page 46 and 47: Fuel ethanol production has been on
Page 48 and 49: Although ethanol can be made from a
Page 50 and 51: With increased blending of ethanol
Page 52 and 53: The mash is processed in a high-tem
Page 54 and 55: 4. Cellulose Hydrolysis. In this st
Page 56 and 57: Ethanol is used as an oxygenate, bl
Page 58 and 59: The net energy balance and greenhou
Page 60 and 61: This figure shows the fossil energy
Page 62 and 63: The GREET model was developed by Ar
Page 64 and 65: Biodiesel Overview Biodiesel is a c
Page 66 and 67: SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
Page 68 and 69: SECTION: BIOFUELS Biodiesel Product
Page 70 and 71: Section: BIOFUELS Typical Proportio
Page 72 and 73:
Property Test Method B6 to B20 S15
Page 74 and 75:
The results of a study conducted by
Page 76 and 77:
Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition
Page 78 and 79:
Bio-oil is a liquid fuel made from
Page 80 and 81:
Section: BIOFUELS Annotated Summary
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BIOPOWER Contents Data Type Updated
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Technology Category Biomass Convers
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Reburning with Wood Fuels for NOx M
Page 88 and 89:
Fuel And EIA Fuel Code Emissions Un
Page 90 and 91:
For the purpose of agricultural soi
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There are three distinct markets fo
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There are a growing number of utili
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Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
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Utility Green Pricing Programs Usin
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Competitive Electricity Markets Ret
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Number of New Biomass Plants Megawa
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Current Biomass Power Plants (Conti
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New Plants Megawatts 100 90 80 70 6
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Current Landfill Gas Power Plants (
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Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
New Plants Megawatts 35 30 25 20 15
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Current Municipal Solid Waste Power
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Green Pricing Programs, which allow
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Section: BIOPOWER Coal Displacement
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Section: BIOPOWER Number of Home El
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Biorefineries Overview As a petrole
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Below are nineteen projects relevan
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Section: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
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SECTION: BIOREFINERIES Integrated B
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FEEDSTOCKS Contents Data Type Updat
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Pellet and Cordwood Appliance Shipm
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Year Planted a Harvested 1,000 Acre
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Item Gross value of production 2009
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The figure below shows that corn us
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Overall, the price for corn has bee
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Production of sufficient quantities
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Due largely to increased ethanol de
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Production of food for domestic liv
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These data show that government sub
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2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007
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Year Area Planted Harvested Section
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The price for sorghum declined from
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Sorghum is used for ethanol product
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Item 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/1
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Planted a Year harvested Marketing
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Supply Section: FEEDSTOCKS Wheat: S
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Camelina can be grown under margina
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2007 2008 2009 b 2007 2008 2009 b 2
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USDA's 2008 soybean baseline projec
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Year Area Planted Section: FEEDSTOC
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In 2006, soybean stocks and product
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Soybean production area is similar
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Using algae as a feedstock for biof
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Logging residues are the unused por
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Forest residue thinnings are the ma
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The Forest Service's State and Priv
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The map below showing feedlot capac
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Although the mill residues shown in
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Shipments of cordwood appliances ha
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Construction and demolition produce
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Appendix A - Conversions Contents D
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Section: Appendix A Heat Content Ra
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The Effect of Moisture on Heating V
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Measured Moisture, Elements, and Hi
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List and Definition of Symbols Symb
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Section: Appendix A Estimation of B
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Section: Appendix A Stand Level Bio
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The conversions in this table are o
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Section: Appendix A Estimating Tons
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Mass Section: Appendix A Mass Units
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Capacity and Volume 1 U.S. gallon (
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FROM: MJ J k W h Btu IT cal IT mega
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Section: Appendix A Alternative Mea
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Section: Appendix A SI Prefixes and
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Section: Appendix A Cost per Unit C
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Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
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Bioenergy Feedstocks Liquid Biofuel
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Avoided costs - An investment guide
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Bulk density - Weight per unit of v
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harvested and cropland left idle al
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Feller-buncher - A self-propelled m
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Gasifier - A device for converting
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Horsepower - (electrical horsepower
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Moisture content - (MC) The weight
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Photosynthesis - Process by which c
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Reserve margin - The amount by whic
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Sustainable - An ecosystem conditio
Page 254:
Waste streams - Unused solid or liq
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