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Socio-Economic Profiles of WFP Operational Areas and Beneficiaries 4. Coping Strategies Index The CSI is a monitoring tool designed to measure the frequency and severity of food security related consumption or adaptation coping behaviours. The CSI monitors the frequency of a particular coping strategy – how often does the household engage in that coping behaviour – as well as the severity of the behaviour. Multiplying severity scores by frequency scores leads to a CSI index value. The measure includes only those strategies that are most important in a particular local context. WFP VAM and its partners should consider employing the CSI as a surveillance system in sentinel sites to monitor food security. 5. Food Security and Vulnerability Indicators The following variables emerged from this study as important indicators of household food insecurity and vulnerability: • Number of months of household access to adequate food for all household members from all sources; • Meal frequency – number of meals eaten per day; • Dietary diversity – number of unique food groups consumed over seven days; • Asset ownership, particularly agricultural land, cattle, poultry, bicycle, and the number of rooms occupied; • Number of income sources; • Household dependency ratio; and • Type of household – female-headed households are usually vulnerable and food insecure. WFP has already incorporated criteria related to food security, asset ownership, women headed households in its beneficiary selection for VGD programme. WFP should also consider other criteria like dependency ratio and income sources, which are equally important in identification of the ultra poor. 6. Diversifying Incomes Enhancing livelihood resilience and reducing the vulnerability of households will require greater diversification of household income sources. The Invisible Poor cited income diversity as the most crucial variable of potential income increase. WFP’s development package already contains trainings on small-scale income generating activities, health and nutrition. In the new country programme WFP has diversified the package by appending trainings on homestead gardening, civil and legal rights, literacy and numeracy, HIV-AIDS awareness and prevention measures, budget management and disaster risk reduction. WFP should consider supporting targeted vocational training in communities identified through a participatory appraisal process. The support should also include entrepreneurial and microbusiness financial management training. WFP has already commenced the process of complementing training activities by facilitating linkages with appropriate financial partners to enable vulnerable groups and individuals to access small-scale micro-finance and business loans. 95
Recommendations 7. Food for Education WFP’s long established global and Bangladesh expertise in targeted food for education programmes can be used to improve the quality of primary education. 8. Nutrition Programming WFP already plays a critical role in battling malnutrition in Bangladesh through its interventions in school feeding and the VGD programme. WFP is now planning on using food aid and other resources to support nutrition programming at the community and national levels as well as in conjunction with the FFE programme. This strategy might include supplementation for high-risk groups, micronutrient fortification of basic foods, education and raising awareness of communities on the importance of nutrition, and encouraging diversification of food consumption. 96
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RURAL BANGLADESH SOCIO-ECONOMIC PRO
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This socioeconomic
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Bibliography 97-99 TABLES & FIGURES
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Table 51 Dietary Diversity by House
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PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal P
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♦ ♦ ♦ Household survey of 2,7
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households, who farmed on seven tim
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Water & Sanitation: Up to 97% of ru
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RECOMMENDATIONS The following recom
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Socio-Economic Profiles of WFP Oper
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Methodology II METHODOLOGY The asse
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Methodology A list of the qualitati
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Methodology d. Wealth Ranking Exerc
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Livelihoods in Rural Bangladesh: A
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