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Socioeconomic Profile Findings ♦ Households are headed by women with no adult male income-earner or other source of income. The following findings regarding VGD participation should therefore be understood in the context of recent WFP efforts aimed at improving the targeting and selection process. Table 31: Household VGD Cards by Socioeconomic Class Do you Have a VGD Card? (weighted data) Socioeconomic Categories Non On-the- Vulnerable Edge Vulnerable 63 Invisible Poor Total N 13 76 86 44 219 % of HH with VGD card 6.0% 34.9% 39.1% 20.0% 100.0 % % of VGD cards within HH socio economic status 2.5% 6.3% 8.2% 8.1% 6.6% N 414 993 858 396 2661 The study found that only seven percent (6.6 percent) of all households residing in the WFP priority zones have VGD cards (after weighting the data) and are accessing food assistance through the VGD programme. Because the VGD programme is so wide-ranging, covering virtually every rural upazila in the country, VGD cards are only available to an average of 170 households in each participating union. For that reason, many households who may meet the criteria established for participation are, by necessity, excluded from the two-year VGD cycle. Only a little more that eight percent of invisible poor and vulnerable households have VGD cards. However, 6.3 percent of on-the-edge households and 2.5 percent of nonvulnerable households have also managed to possess the cards. Analysing the data through an alternative lens, six percent of the cards lay in the hands of non-vulnerable households and on-the-edge households possess 35 percent of the cards. Thus approximately 60 percent of the cards have been distributed to the two bottom vulnerable categories of households in the WFP programming regions, resulting in 41 percent inclusion error 4 . Invisible poor and vulnerable households have received 20 and 39 percent of the VGD cards respectively. This study was not precisely designed for a robust assessment of safety net programmes like VGD, RMP and others. However the important findings that the study has revealed is, despite a VGD targeting strategy that purports to deliver VGD cards to the ‘ultra-poor,’ a substantial proportion of the VGD cards have reached the non-deserving or non-poor households- a concern that has also been complemented by few other recent studies on safety nets. 5 WFP has recently expended substantial efforts at improving VGD targeting, implementing distinct criteria for household inclusion in the programme and instituting a monitoring system aimed at ensuring that only deserving households are enrolled in the programme. 4 Inclusion of non-deserving participants/beneficiaries in a programme has been termed as inclusion error. 5 A Recent (2006) study on “Relative Efficacy of Food and Cash Transfers” by IFPRI & WFP showed that 65% of the VGD beneficiary households belong to the lowest 30% expenditure decile/groups. WFP’s 2006 monitoring findings on VGD estimated that 18% of the VGD cardholders do not qualify for the programme.
Socioeconomic Profiles of WFP Operational Areas and Beneficiaries The major problem is apparently not with the targeting process but continues to be with the selection process. Favouritism and patronage marked the old selection process within the UP structure. MWCA attempted to improve the process by creating Union VGD Committees, comprised of UP chairmen and members, partner NGOs, local government representatives, teachers, and current VGD participants, to be responsible for the selection of VGD women. Although the VGD selection process may have improved, it appears that many non-deserving households continue to be selected. Political, social, and perhaps financial influence may continue to plague the selection process at the union level. With regard to exclusion error in the programme, one reason, discussed above, is that very few VGD cards are available despite large numbers of extremely poor households who qualify for the VGD programme 6 . Table 32 starkly illustrates this reality: More than 80 percent of invisible poor households and nearly 70 percent of vulnerable households have unsuccessfully attempted to procure VGD cards in the past. The VGD programme is well known: Only 16 percent of all households had no knowledge of VGD cards at the time of the survey. Non-vulnerable households are most knowledgeable about the VGD programme. More than 85 percent of non-vulnerable households and more than 40 percent of on-the-edge households acknowledged that their household income is either too high or they have no need for the card. % within Sex of household head Yes No Table 32: Why don’t Households have a VGD Card? % within HH socio economic status Do not know about the card Have tried in the past but did not get one Household income is too high to qualify Do not need Other reasons N Sex of household head Female Male Total 14.8% 6.1% 6.6% 85.2% 93.9% 93.4% Reason for Not Having a VGD Card Non vulnerable Table 33: VGD Cards by Sex of Household Head HH socio economic status On-the- Edge Vulnerable 5.7% 17.6% 21.2% 15.2% 16.4% 8.0% 39.1% 69.4% 81.5% 50.3% 14.8% 8.6% 1.1% 5.9% 71.0% 32.8% 6.8% 1.7% 25.9% .5% 1.9% 1.5% 1.6% 1.5% 397 911 775 359 2442 64 Invisible Poor Total The VGD programme has been more successful in ensuring that women are the major beneficiaries. A higher proportion of female-headed households (15 percent) possess VGD cards than do male-headed households (six percent), although in absolute numbers, substantially more maleheaded households own VGD cards. 6 HIES 2005 has estimated 27 million ultra poor or 5.4 million ultra poor households.
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RURAL BANGLADESH SOCIO-ECONOMIC PRO
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This socioeconomic
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Bibliography 97-99 TABLES & FIGURES
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Table 51 Dietary Diversity by House
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PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal P
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♦ ♦ ♦ Household survey of 2,7
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households, who farmed on seven tim
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Water & Sanitation: Up to 97% of ru
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RECOMMENDATIONS The following recom
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Socio-Economic Profiles of WFP Oper
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Methodology II METHODOLOGY The asse
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Methodology A list of the qualitati
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Methodology d. Wealth Ranking Exerc
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Livelihoods in Rural Bangladesh: A
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Livelihoods in Rural Bangladesh: A
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