Strabismus - Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology.pdf
Strabismus - Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology.pdf
Strabismus - Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology.pdf
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
INDEX<br />
variants 18<br />
ciliary muscle, accommodation 3<br />
Cogan’s twitch sign 52<br />
colour vision assessment 61<br />
computed tomography (CT), myasthenia gravis 52<br />
concomitant strabismus 4, 24–35<br />
see also esotropias; exotropias<br />
confusion see visual confusion<br />
congenital (infantile) esotropia 24, 24–8<br />
age <strong>of</strong> onset 25<br />
clinical features 24–5<br />
developmental issues 17, 18<br />
differential diagnoses 27–8, 30<br />
DVD 25–6, 26<br />
follow-up 25<br />
inferior oblique overaction 26<br />
management 25, 27–8<br />
surgery 25, 75, 83<br />
measurement 25<br />
nystagmus 25<br />
compensation syndrome 25<br />
latent 24, 26–7<br />
OKN 25<br />
risk factors 24<br />
syndromes 24<br />
untreated, adult sequelae 47<br />
A and V patterns 4, 24, 25, 26, 26, 83<br />
congenital exotropia<br />
differential diagnosis 35<br />
pathology 34, 35<br />
surgical management 83<br />
A and V patterns 4, 83<br />
congenital fibrosis syndrome 41–3<br />
divergent strabismus 42<br />
management 78–9<br />
neurological abnormalities 42<br />
ptosis 41, 42<br />
strabismus fixus variants 78–9<br />
congenital myasthenia 41<br />
congenital nystagmus 43–5<br />
aetiology 43–4<br />
head posture 43, 59<br />
misdiagnosis 43<br />
motor causes 44<br />
oculomotor apraxia 44, 45<br />
periodic alternating 45<br />
retraction 45<br />
sensory causes 43<br />
spasmus nutans 44<br />
conjunctiva<br />
inclusion cysts 89–90<br />
infection 89<br />
redundant 90<br />
conjunctivitis 89<br />
constant exotropias 32, 32–3<br />
convergence 3<br />
excess in esotropia 30<br />
insufficiency in adult strabismus 53<br />
corneal light reflex 64, 64<br />
corneal oedema 90<br />
cover tests 65<br />
cranial nerves 9<br />
congenital defects 36, 37<br />
dysfunction 21<br />
muscles innervated 10<br />
palsies 37–41<br />
diplopia 49<br />
examination 49–50, 66–7<br />
management 79–81<br />
see also paretic strabismus<br />
see also individual nerves<br />
crani<strong>of</strong>acial dysostoses 85, 86<br />
constant exotropia 32<br />
craniopharyngioma 58<br />
craniosynostosis, constant exotropia 32, 32<br />
critical periods 5, 6, 9, 14, 17<br />
amblyopia 14, 71, 73<br />
anisometropic 73<br />
strabismic 71<br />
cross-fixation 24–5, 27<br />
Crouzon’s syndrome see crani<strong>of</strong>acial dysostoses<br />
cyclic esotropia 30–1<br />
cycloplegic refraction 61, 61<br />
cysts, conjunctival inclusion 89–90<br />
dark room test 52<br />
decompensation, adult strabismus 17<br />
deviation measurement<br />
congenital (infantile) esotropia 25<br />
cover tests 65, 69<br />
presurgical 75<br />
prisms 68<br />
diplopia 48–9<br />
assessment 66<br />
Worth 4-dot test 62, 63<br />
associated symptoms 54<br />
case example 49<br />
differential diagnosis 49<br />
95