Strabismus - Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology.pdf

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INDEX oculocutaneous albinism 43 oculodigital reflex 58 oculomotor apraxia 44, 45 ophthalmoplegia congenital myasthenia 41 internuclear 43 neuromuscular 41 ophthalmoplegic migraine 38 opsoclonus 43 optic chiasm glioma 34, 58 optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) 11, 13 assessment 61 asymmetrical 31 Ciancia syndrome 27 congenital esotropia 25 esotropia without fusion potential 31 functions 12 optokinetic tape 61 orbital cellulitis 89 overconvergence, near reflex and 4 overcorrection 87–8 parents, contribution to treatment 70–1 paretic strabismus 37–41 assessment 50, 66–7 active force generation test 67 forced duction test 50, 67 head tilt tests 38, 39, 40, 50, 66 ocular posture plots 66–7, 67 Parks 3-step test 49–50, 66 pointer test 66, 67 saccade velocity 50 treatment 79–81 botulinum toxin 79 case example 80 children 80–1 prisms 79 surgery 79–80 see also individual cranial nerves Parks 3-step test 49–50, 66 parvocellular (P) pathway 7, 8, 9 pattern deprivation amblyopia 5, 14, 23 strabismic versus 71 pendular nystagmus 37 perinatal ischaemia, constant exotropia 32, 32 periodic alternating nystagmus 45 phoria 65 play, clinical examination 59 plica displacement 90 plication 83 pointer test 66, 67 pregnancy history 57 premature infants internuclear ophthalmoplegia 43 retinopathy of prematurity 58 prisms 4 D base out 62, 63, 63 15 D base out 17, 64–5, 65 deviation assessment using 68 Fresnel 74, 74 treatment using 79 diplopia management 54 sixth nerve palsy 74, 74 pseudo-Brown syndrome 80 pseudo exotropia 32–3 pseudosquint 58, 58, 59 pseudo-V movement pattern 5 ptosis congenital fibrosis syndrome 41, 41, 42 iatrogenic esotropia 31, 31 third nerve palsy 38, 38, 80 treatment 80 pupils, examination 61 rectus muscles actions 10, 10, 83–4, 84 congenital absence 48, 48 surgical recession 81, 82, 84 complications 88–9 reflex model of binocular vision 7–13 refractive amblyopia 23 diagnosis 72 refractive error testing 61, 61 restrictive strabismus 50–1, 79 retina abnormality, amblyopia and 6 detachment surgery 51 retinopathy of prematurity 58 visual processing 7–8 retinal ganglion cells 8 retinopathy of prematurity 58 Rieger’s syndrome 48 rod monochromatism 58 saccade initiation failure (SIF) 44, 45 saccades 11 definition 12 100
INDEX examination 12, 50, 66, 69 functions 12 velocity 50, 66 scarring 90 sensory strabismus 24 sensory system assessment 62–3 congenital nystagmus 43 integration 8–9 visual pathway 7–8, 8 “setting sun” sign 41 Sheridan–Gardiner test 61 sixth cranial nerve 9 levels 53 muscles innervated 10 palsies 37–8, 53 acute diplopia 54 benign 38, 81 childhood 81 hypertension-associated 53, 53, 87 management 74, 74, 79–80, 81 skew deviation 53 smooth pursuit 11 definition 12–13 examination 12, 66, 69 function 12 maturation 18 spasmus nutans 44 spectacle correction acceptance of 71, 73 accommodative strabismus 28, 29, 30 executive bifocals 73, 73 bullying due to 71 intermittent exotropia 35 prescription 72 see also prisms squint see strabismus stereoacuity intermittent exotropia 33 testing 62 stereopsis 3 assessment 62 development 9 strabismic amblyopia 5, 14, 23 acquired defect 6 critical period 71 diagnosis 72 management 71–2 pattern deprivation versus 71 strabismus adult see adult strabismus adult v childhood 47 childhood see childhood strabismus clinical considerations 17–19 diagnosis 17–18 decades of life 21–2 definition 3 overcorrection 87–8 phoria (latent) v tropia (manifest) 65 progressive v non-progressive causes 58 sequelae 14–16 untreated vs treated 47 see also individual types strabismus fixus 78–9 striate (primary V1) cortex 8 suppression 16, 16 acquired childhood esotropia 28 adult strabismus 17, 48 intermittent exotropia 33 Worth 4-dot test 62, 63 surgical therapy 75 guidelines 75 preoperative evaluation 75 sequelae and complications 35, 77, 86–90 anaesthesia 86–7 anterior segment ischaemia 90 conjunctiva 89–90 globe perforation 89 infection 89–90 lost/slipped muscles 87 muscle restriction 51, 88–9 ocular alignment 87–8 specific conditions Brown’s syndrome 82 congenital esotropia 25, 75 congenital fibrosis syndrome 78–9 Duane syndrome 75–6, 77, 77 DVD 84 intermittent exotropia 35 loss of fusion 49 paretic strabismus 79 thyroid eye disease 51 see also individual syndromes techniques 81–6 adjustable sutures 86, 87 “hang back” sutures 51, 81, 82 strengthening 83 101
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Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmol
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Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmol
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© BMJ Books 2003 BMJ Books is an i
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CONTENTS Sequelae of strabismus in
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Preface This book has been written
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Foreword We should welcome the fine
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Section I Neurophysiological substr
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STRABISMUS dim reflex whereas the m
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STRABISMUS compared to the image on
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STRABISMUS Chiasm ON LGN ON M LGN P
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STRABISMUS Table 2.1 Actions of the
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STRABISMUS Table 2.2 Types of eye m
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3 Consequences of breakdown of bino
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STRABISMUS Bifoveal fusion Normal B
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STRABISMUS • Secondly, in the bin
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Section II Strabismus in the decade
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4 Childhood onset of strabismus Chi
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CHILDHOOD ONSET OF STRABISMUS indic
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CHILDHOOD ONSET OF STRABISMUS (a) (
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CHILDHOOD ONSET OF STRABISMUS In ad
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CHILDHOOD ONSET OF STRABISMUS may b
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CHILDHOOD ONSET OF STRABISMUS retin
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CHILDHOOD ONSET OF STRABISMUS Figur
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Transient skew deviation CHILDHOOD
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CHILDHOOD ONSET OF STRABISMUS add w
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CHILDHOOD ONSET OF STRABISMUS Spasm
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5 Adult strabismus Introduction The
Page 63 and 64: ADULT STRABISMUS Case example An ad
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Page 72 and 73: STRABISMUS ● the pattern of the a
Page 74 and 75: STRABISMUS Figure 6.5 An example of
Page 76 and 77: STRABISMUS Sensory evaluation - bin
Page 78 and 79: STRABISMUS Normal R L Normal binocu
Page 80 and 81: STRABISMUS torsional deviations can
Page 82 and 83: STRABISMUS (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 6
Page 84 and 85: 7 Therapy of strabismus Non-surgica
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Page 88 and 89: STRABISMUS other forms of non-surgi
Page 90 and 91: STRABISMUS (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figu
Page 92 and 93: STRABISMUS In attempting to elevate
Page 94 and 95: STRABISMUS drawn underneath the lat
Page 96 and 97: STRABISMUS Figure 7.7 Recession wit
Page 98 and 99: STRABISMUS MR MR LR LR LR LR MR MR
Page 100 and 101: STRABISMUS overacting in a V patter
Page 102 and 103: STRABISMUS more persistent diplopia
Page 104 and 105: STRABISMUS microscope. Inflammation
Page 106 and 107: STRABISMUS Strabismus Malalignment
Page 108 and 109: INDEX surgical correction 83-6 see
Page 110 and 111: INDEX horizontal 54 “horror fusio
Page 112 and 113: INDEX esotropia 31, 31 monofixation
Page 116: INDEX vertical muscle surgery 83-6,
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