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Annual report Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2004 References 1. Black S, Shinefi eld H, Fireman B, Lewis E, Ray P, Hansen JR. Effi cacy, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:187–195. 2. Roche P, Krause V. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2001. Commun Dis Intell 2002;26:505–519. 3. Roche P, Krause V, Andrews R, Carter L, Coleman D, Cook H, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2002. Commun Dis Intell 2003;27:466–477. 4. Roche P, Krause V, Bartlett M, Coleman D, Cook H, Counahan M, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2003. Commun Dis Intell 2004;28:441–454. 5. Watson M, Roche P, Bayley K, Bell JM, Collignon P, Gilbert GL, et al. Laboratory surveillance of invasive pneumococal disease in Australia, 2003—predicting the future impact of the universal childhood conjugate vaccine program. Commun Dis Intell 2004;28:455– 464. 6. Menzies R, McIntyre P, Beard F. Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, Australia, 1999 to 2002. Commun Dis Intell 2004;28 Suppl 1. 7. Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfi eld R, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1737–1746. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Direct and indirect effects of routine vaccination of children with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease – United States, 1998–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54:893–897. 9. MacKenzie GA, Carapetis JR, Morris PS, Leach AJ. Current issues regarding the use of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines in Australian children. J Paediatr Child Health 2005;41:201–208. 10. Talbot TR, Hartet TV, Mitchel E, Halasa NB, Arbogast PG, Poehling KA, et al. Asthma as a risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2082–2090. 11. Kyaw MH, Rose CE, Fry AM, Singleton JA, Moore Z, Zell ER, et al. The infl uence of chronic illnesses on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in adults. J Infect Dis 2005;192:377–386. 12. Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. The Australian Immunisation Handbook. 8th Edition edn. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing Canberra, Australia: National Capital Printing; 2003. 13. Byington CL, Samore MH, Stoddard GJ, Barlow S, Daly J, Korgenski K, et al. Temporal trends of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in the Intermountain West: emergence of nonvaccine serogroups. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:21–29. 14. Hausdorff WP, Feikin DR, Klugman KP. Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal serotypes. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:83–93. 92 CDI Vol 30 No 1 2006
Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2004 Annual report Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2004 Paul W Roche 1 and the National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee (Ral Antic – Chair, Ivan Bastian, Lynne Brown, Amanda Christensen, Mark Hurwitz, Anastasios Konstantinos, Vicki L Krause, Moira McKinnon, Avner Misrachi, Justin Waring) for the Communicable Diseases Network Australia Abstract The National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System received 1,076 tuberculosis (TB) notifications in 2004, of which 1,043 were new cases and 33 were relapses. The incidence of TB in Australia has remained at a stable rate since 1985 and was 5.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2004. The high-incidence groups remain people born overseas and Indigenous Australians at 21.7 and 8.1 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. By contrast, the incidence of TB in the non-Indigenous Australian-born population was 1.0 cases per 100,000 population. Comparison of the 2004 TB notification data against the performance indicators set by National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee highlights that enhanced TB control measures should be considered among these high-risk groups. Commun Dis Intell 2006;30:93–101. Keywords: disease surveillance, tuberculosis Introduction Australia has one of the lowest incidence rates of tuberculosis (TB) in the world with rates remaining stable at 5–6 cases per 100,000 population since the mid–1980s. 1 By contrast, approximately 60 per cent of the 8.8 million TB cases occurring globally in 2003 live in Australia’s neighbouring countries in South East Asia and the Western Pacifi c. 2 Australia’s migrant intake includes people from countries with high prevalence of TB and those born overseas have accounted for a large proportion of Australia’s TB cases over the last decade. A crucial component of effective TB control in a lowincidence country is the collection of accurate, comprehensive and timely statistics. These data must be compared against performance indicators to ensure that strategic directions are identified, that outcomes are achieved and that Australia’s enviable record of TB control is maintained. This paper presents the TB notification data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) in 2004. The data are compared against the National Tuberculosis Performance Indicators set by the National TB Advisory Committee in the National Strategic Plan for TB Control in Australia beyond 2000. 3 Information about drug susceptibility is published by the Australian Mycobacterium Laboratory Reference Network in an accompanying report. Methods Data collection TB is a notifi able disease in Australia. Medical practitioners, public health laboratories and other health professionals are legally required to report cases of TB to the State and Territory health authorities. Information on notifi ed cases for 2004 was collated by jurisdictions and sent electronically to the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Records were dispatched in a de-identifi ed format to ensure confi dentiality. The National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee, as a sub-committee of the Communicable Diseases Network Australia, was responsible for determining the data set collected in 2004 and for its transmission to NNDSS. Data fi elds in the enhanced TB data set that are analysed in this report are listed in Table 1 with a brief description of each variable. Data processing and quality control Data on all TB notifi cations reported in 2004 were received by September 2005. Updated information on the outcomes of treatment of patients notifi ed in 2003 was received by December 2005. Data received from the jurisdictions were examined for completeness and accuracy. Any invalid or missing entries were returned to the jurisdictions for review and correction. Corresponding author: Dr Paul Roche, Office of Health Protection, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, GPO Box 9848 (MDP 6), Canberra ACT 2601. Telephone +61 2 6289 8152. Facsimile: +61 2 6289 7791. Email: paul.roche@health.gov.au CDI Vol 30 No 1 2006 93
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