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introduction To follow up the CAN study, World Vision has reviewed approaches to protecting children at risk in five Asian countries, and conducted further analysis to enable the agency to determine what are effective programs and policies for preventing and addressing this abuse and neglect. The research is framed by the principles expressed in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) as the most recognised international expression of essential foundations for sustaining and progressing human life. These are simply expressed in the “four baskets” approach to groupings of children’s rights: • survival • development • protection • participation In an effort to better understand practical strategies and tools based on experience from the field, the Children at Risk study identifies “good practice” against a range of social, cultural, economic and political factors. The focus of this report is on examples of both policy and programming measures that can promote protection for children at risk of violence, exploitation or neglect in poor communities, and move us closer to “a world fit for children”. The report includes examples of resources developed in the field, and experiences described herein can assist with program planning in other contexts. Examples are given of practice that has worked at community, provincial and national levels to promote the best interests of the child. Observations that emerge across the five countries as to elements of effective practice, as well as recurring challenges or limitations, are described. This study’s practical approach to child protection describes methods used that may assist in designing programs. This builds on approaches in the World Vision report A Safe World for Children: Ending abuse, violence and exploitation, as well as those in the CAN study. Definition of “child abuse and neglect” A definition of child abuse and neglect can be taken from Article 19 of the CRC, which “…requires children’s protection from “all forms of physical or mental violence, from torture and cruel or degrading treatment or punishment while in the care of parents or others. Article 19 asserts children’s equal human right to physical and personal integrity. As a principle, it is linked to the right to life and maximum survival and development guaranteed under article 6.” 12 Abuse and neglect have been shown to be principal causes of children leaving home to live on the street. Children subject to abuse are also at high risk of involvement in hazardous labour, including prostitution, or in trafficking. Its presence in a community is indicative of stress. Definition of “children at risk” “Children at risk are those that have become separated from or have been failed by the primary units of society that normally provide protection: their families and community.” – UNICEF 13 Children at risk face greater challenges to their survival and development. Family, community and government often compromise their best interests (Article 3, CRC). They are marginalised, exploited and more likely to die at a young age. Participating countries The study draws upon program experience in Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the Philippines. These five countries were selected for the research based on the criteria that they: • are countries where World Vision has an established presence • have distinct political, social and economic development environments 12 From Hodgkin, R & Newell, P, Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, UNICEF, 1998, p. 237 13 Towards Monitoring Child Protection in East Asia and the Pacific, UNICEF, May 2001 13
introduction • offer opportunity for transferable approaches, and • have experienced or currently endure armed conflict and its complex impacts on children. Selection of locations The study took place in areas where World Vision carries out child-focused development activities, and where: • violence against children is recognised as a social problem • national governments have ratified the CRC and made commitments to its implementation • NGOs have active programs or partnerships to address issues of child protection • direct service, advocacy and policy development promote change in different operational and political environments • resources for programming (such as a program model, an operational manual or an audio-visual tool kit) have been developed from good practice in field work, and • visits to selected program areas in both urban and rural areas were possible. Ethics All respondents participated voluntarily, were advised of the purpose of the study in promoting good practice in working with children, and that results may appear in a published form. The children in the photographs taken by the study coordinator and that appear in this report, understood that a report was being written and published and that their photos might be published. Names or descriptions of people have been changed or removed where it is believed that publishing the details could pose a risk to them. Methodology Information on what was considered good practice (see “Child-focused indicators of good practice” section below) was gathered by a focal point person in each country. The Project Coordinator was based in Cambodia but visited the other four countries to spend 14 days at selected projects, conduct key informant interviews in-community, and to meet with representatives of government and of other Table 1. UNICEF country report data 14 Cambodia Indonesia Philippines Sri Lanka Vietnam Primary school attendance rate males 66% 93% 87% - 94% females 65% 93% 87% - 93% Under-5 mortality rank (of 187 countries, 1 being the highest) 30 77 88 130 88 Gross National Income per capita US$ 2001 270 680 1,040 830 410 % of budget allocated in (1992–01) to health - 2 5 6 4 education - 6 19 11 14 defence - 4 2 17 - % of the population living on less than $1 a day - 8 15 - - Major conflict and disaster areas X X X X - % of children at risk of malnutrition, not attending school, armed conflict, or HIV/AIDS 40 + 20 – 40 20 – 40 20 – 40 5 – 20 14
Page 1 and 2: Risk Laurence Gray
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © 2003 by World Vision I
Page 5 and 6: contents Useful approaches to build
Page 7 and 8: executive summary responsibility of
Page 9 and 10: executive summary The Philippines I
Page 11 and 12: introduction “How is it possible
Page 13: introduction Child as a normative f
Page 17 and 18: introduction information may emerge
Page 19 and 20: introduction Current challenges of
Page 21 and 22: introduction Planning long-term for
Page 23 and 24: introduction Because we are abandon
Page 25 and 26: Cambodia or a medical emergency. Ho
Page 27 and 28: Cambodia This drawing by a child sc
Page 29 and 30: Cambodia near the garbage dump have
Page 31 and 32: Cambodia The Mith Samlanh/Friends v
Page 33 and 34: Cambodia Mith Samlanh/Friends vocat
Page 35 and 36: Cambodia To further understand how
Page 37 and 38: Cambodia Responses were gained thro
Page 39 and 40: Cambodia LICADHO uses a variety of
Page 41 and 42: Cambodia Families are taught to dis
Page 43 and 44: Cambodia The Law Enforcement Agains
Page 45 and 46: Cambodia 3. The project was based o
Page 47 and 48: Indonesia • The BPS also estimate
Page 49 and 50: Indonesia For Children’s Day in J
Page 51 and 52: Indonesia Useful approaches to buil
Page 53 and 54: Indonesia Child protection concerns
Page 55 and 56: Indonesia Children in the IDP camp,
Page 57 and 58: Indonesia building strategies can b
Page 59 and 60: The Philippines • children who ar
Page 61 and 62: The Philippines • conducting a ra
Page 63 and 64: The Philippines increase opportunit
Page 65 and 66:
The Philippines Barriers to child p
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Sri Lanka Children affected by conf
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Sri Lanka Partnership for education
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Sri Lanka Children’s play showing
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Sri Lanka Impact of the project Som
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Sri Lanka “I spoke to a group of
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Vietnam Background Community-based
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Vietnam • At the community level,
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Vietnam “States Parties recognise
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Vietnam “Talk is cheap. Action is
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conclusion Agencies within civil so
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ecommendations universities. Advoca
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ecommendations • Emerging issues,
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acknowledgements Many individuals a
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ibliography Amnesty International,
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appendix 1 Online toolkit The follo
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appendix 3 Some principles of World
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