reservoir geomecanics

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Breakout orientation (N o E) 0 90 180 270 0 90 180 270 3000 5000 2890 3322.5 0 90 180 270 2892 3323.0 3500 5500 2894 3323.5 2896 3324.0 Depth (meters) 4000 6000 2898 3324.5 2900 3325.0 3325.5 4500 6500 2902 3326.0 2904 3326.5 5000 7000 2906 Figure 11.10. Examples of breakout orientations at a variety of scales. The two left panels show breakout orientations from 3000–6800 m depth in the KTB research hole in Germany (Brudy, Zoback et al. 1997). The middle and right panels (from the Cajon Pass research hole in southern California) show fluctuations of breakout orientation in image logs over a 16 m and 4minterval, respectively (Shamir and Zoback 1992). a. b. −4 −3 −2 FAULT SLIP WELLBORE 2L Distance from the fault −1 0 1 2 3 C = 138 MPa 4 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 Normalized stress 140 160 Breakout azimuth Figure 11.11. (a) Model of a wellbore penetrating a pre-existing fault which has slipped and perturbed the stress field in the surrounding rock mass. (b) The observed stress rotations (as well as the abrupt termination of breakouts) can be explained by the stress perturbations associated with fault slip. After Shamir and Zoback (1992).
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Reservoir Geomechanics This interdi
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cambridge university press Cambridg
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Contents Preface page xi PART I: BA
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ix Contents More on drilling-induce
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Preface This book has its origin in
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xiii Preface done with Pavel Peska
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1 The tectonic stress field My goal
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5 The tectonic stress field chapter
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7 The tectonic stress field signifi
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9 The tectonic stress field S v Nor
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0 SEAFLOOR 2000 Depth (feet below s
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a. Stress or pressure 0 20 40 60 80
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15 The tectonic stress field The o
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17 The tectonic stress field Observ
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180˚ 216˚ 252˚ 288˚ 324˚ 64˚
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21 The tectonic stress field 121 o
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23 The tectonic stress field 62N 0
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a. Margarita Pays b. Stress state a
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2 Pore pressure at depth in sedimen
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29 Pore pressure at depth in sedime
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a. 2000 OFFSHORE TRINIDAD CENTER OF
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57 Basic constitutive laws a. ELAST
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59 Basic constitutive laws Figure 3
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61 Basic constitutive laws Linear e
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63 Basic constitutive laws Vutukuri
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65 Basic constitutive laws Elastici
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67 Basic constitutive laws a. Stres
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69 Basic constitutive laws depend o
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71 Basic constitutive laws a. 20 18
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a. Confining pressure (MPa) 30 25 2
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75 Basic constitutive laws a. Creep
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a. 30 25 Differential stress (MPa)
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79 Basic constitutive laws a. 1 0.9
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81 Basic constitutive laws where th
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83 Basic constitutive laws the b pa
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85 Rock failure in compression, ten
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s 3 = 30 s 3 = 40 97 Rock failure i
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101 Rock failure in compression, te
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a. 200 150 V p (m/s) 4000 2000 1000
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Table 4.1. Empirical relationships
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a. 600 500 Frequency (counts) 400 3
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Plate-d
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a. 0 Stress or pressure 0 20 40 60
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141 Faults and fractures at depth S
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143 Faults and fractures at depth t
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145 Faults and fractures at depth c
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147 Faults and fractures at depth a
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149 Faults and fractures at depth A
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153 Faults and fractures at depth A
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157 Faults and fractures at depth w
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159 Faults and fractures at depth F
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161 Faults and fractures at depth i
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163 Faults and fractures at depth m
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6 Compressive and tensile failures
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169 Compressive and tensile failure
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. 140 a. 120 100 S hmin S Hmax R S
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a. b. c. 5400 5600 5800 6000 Depth
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Table 6.1. Quality ranking system A
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207 Determination of S 3 from mini-
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a. 2500 2 Shut-in Shut-in 2000 1.5
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8 Wellbore failure and stress deter
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237 Wellbore failure and stress det
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Fast 259 Wellbore failure and stres
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267 Stress fields of the processes
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180˚ 270˚ 0˚ 90˚ 180˚ 70˚ 70
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271 Stress fields collision of two
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273 Stress fields and Schubert 2002
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275 Stress fields essentially perpe
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277 Stress fields 55 Normal faultin
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279 Stress fields and pore pressure
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Table 9.1. Empirical methods for es
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283 Stress fields a. 9100 b. 10000
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285 Stress fields original data com
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287 Stress fields practical importa
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289 Stress fields 0 Strike-slip fau
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291 Stress fields 0 Reverse faultin
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293 Stress fields Log data Density
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295 Stress fields 2050 2050 S hmin
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297 Stress fields depth (Figure 9.1
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10 Wellbore stability In this chapt
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303 Wellbore stability et al. 2003)
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305 Wellbore stability a. Predicted
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307 Wellbore stability a. Equivalen
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309 Wellbore stability S Hmax N S h
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311 Wellbore stability 60 80 100 12
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313 Wellbore stability a. b. c. 6.5
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315 Wellbore stability 12 10 8 6 4
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317 Wellbore stability a. b. 100 10
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319 Wellbore stability of the forma
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321 Wellbore stability part of Figu
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323 Wellbore stability a. 15.8 15.6
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325 Wellbore stability S 3 P grow P
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327 Wellbore stability pressures -
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329 Wellbore stability 90 80 70 60
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331 Wellbore stability sandstones a
Page 694: 333 Wellbore stability This type of
Page 698: 335 Wellbore stability Figure 10.22
Page 702: 337 Wellbore stability Figure 10.24
Page 706: 339 Wellbore stability and drawdown
Page 710: 341 Critically stressed faults and
Page 738: a. Available test wells Observation
Page 748: 360 Reservoir geomechanics hole, Sh
Page 752: 362 Reservoir geomechanics rock wit
Page 756: 364 Reservoir geomechanics a. A S H
Page 760: 366 Reservoir geomechanics N EXTENT
Page 764: 368 Reservoir geomechanics a. A b.
Page 768: 370 Reservoir geomechanics FILL TO
Page 772: 372 Reservoir geomechanics Schemati
Page 776: 374 Reservoir geomechanics Figure 1
Page 780: 376 Reservoir geomechanics HIGH a.
Page 784: 12 Effects of reservoir depletion A
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384 Reservoir geomechanics There ar
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386 Reservoir geomechanics
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388 Reservoir geomechanics Figure 1
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390 Reservoir geomechanics Zoback a
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396 Reservoir geomechanics can also
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398 Reservoir geomechanics and ther
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400 Reservoir geomechanics curve is
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404 Reservoir geomechanics
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406 Reservoir geomechanics To deter
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412 Reservoir geomechanics Hagin an
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Figure 12.18. (a) Map of southern L
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418 Reservoir geomechanics along a
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References Aadnoy, B. S. (1990a).
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425 References Bourbie, T., Coussy,
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427 References Coulomb, C. A. (1773
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429 References Flemings, P. B., Stu
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431 References Hayashi, K. and Haim
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433 References Lade, P. (1977). “
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435 References Moos, D. and Zoback,
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437 References Raaen, A. M. and Bru
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439 References Tang, X. M. and Chen
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441 References Wiprut, D. and Zobac
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443 References Zoback, M. L. and a.
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446 Index critically stressed fault
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448 Index ridge push 270 RMS (root
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180˚ 216˚ 252˚ 288˚ 324˚ 64˚
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a. 70 Pressure history - Lapeyrouse
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. 140 a. 120 100 S hmin S Hmax R S
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Figure 6.4. (a) Wellbore breakouts
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a. A S Hmax A-CENTRAL FAULT HIGH RE
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a. b. Figure 6.17. The area in whic
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160 155 150 145 S Hmax (MPa) 140 13
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a. b. Tendency for breakouts Orient
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180˚ 270˚ 0˚ 90˚ 180˚ 70˚ 70
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Depth (feet) S Hmax N S hmin W S v
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Figure 10.9. (a) Probability densit
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S Hmax ABOVE THE FAULT 9 10 11 12 R
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-9 200' - 9200 ' - 9 600 ' a. LESS
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a. 0.4 m = 1.0 m = 0.6 t/S v 0.2 0
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a. 3000 S Hmax = 10N 3100 3200 Dept
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a. ALL FRACTURES FROM SIT FRACTURES
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a. A S Hmax A-CENTRAL FAULT HIGH RE
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a. A b. N N A B C B C D D E E 0 1 2
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N Vertical Displacement cm 2 N East
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