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Chapter 7. openETCS Meta Model Thus, the oEmbeddedStateMachine objects, which are part of the data flow graph types gMainFunctionBlock and gSubFunctionBlock, are also executed with the sample time T s by their parent graph instance. Very similar to the gEVCStateMachine graph type, the gEmbeddedStateMachine graph type does not provide any temporal behaviour by itself. This is provided by the decomposition of each oEmbeddedState object to a gSubFunctionBlock graph. Therefore, the currently active oEmbeddedState object is executed if its parent oEmbeddedStateMachine object is executed within a data flow graph. The dynamic semantics of oSubFunction objects can be interpreted in two ways: First, when they are executed by the data flow graph 15 that they are part of, they only delegate this execution to the data flows in their decomposition. Second, the content of their decomposition is virtually copied to the parent graph contenting the oSubFunction object, and that all objects are executed directly by the parent graph. Actually, the latter interpretation indeed represents the implementation of the domain framework and generator, in which after the graphical “unrolling” all objects are located in a gMainFunctionBlock, which is executed with a certain sample time. Nevertheless, the first dynamic semantics interpretation is also valid, and both correspond to the provided functionality. The transformation from an openETCS model with general data flows to a concrete sample system is done by the generator and the domain framework. The generator defines the calculation order in each execution step k while the domain framework ensures that those are executed in equidistant time points t with a fixed sample time T s . The concrete value for T s is not defined in the model but in the domain framework. Related to the definition of control loops, this can arise severe problems related to stability because the sample time directly influences the parameters of a controller [30]. Simplified expressed, if a control loop with the same parameters is stable for T s , it can be unstable for T s ′ (with T s ≠ T s). ′ Therefore, it must be emphasised that the openETCS meta model is not specialised for building control loops in the meaning of control theory but for defining control functions for ETCS. In addition, concrete control loop issues are handled directly in the domain framework design and implementation. 7.7. Mathematical Model of the Dynamic Semantics The preceding sections Section 7.2, Section 7.3, and Section 7.5 introduced the concrete syntax and static semantics but did not explain how the correctness of model instances can be ensured in an analytical way. One possibility is to transform the dynamic semantics to a mathematical model, which certain properties can be analysed and proven for. Because some graph types use very similar syntax and semantics, those can be grouped for defining corresponding mathematical models in equivalence groups: data flows state machines gMainFunctionBlock, gSubFunctionBlock, gCommunicationReader, gCommunicationSender gEVCStateMachine, gEmbeddedStateMachine, gMainFunctionBlock / oApplicationLevelType 15 gMainFunctionBlock or gSubFunctionBlock graph 110
7.7. Mathematical Model of the Dynamic Semantics data structures gTelegram, gPacket, gAnyPacket While state machines together with the data flows describe the temporal behaviour, data structures are time invariant and therefore easier to define. A corresponding mathematical model for each group is defined and described in the following subsections. 7.7.1. Data Flows Generally, a data flow consist of a set of transfer functions F determined by the objects, the available inputs X and outputs Y , the internal states S and initial states S 0 of those, and the connection matrix C for the data flow relationships. This tuple defines the data flow D: The set of transfer functions consists of n f functions while each f i is generally defined by a function D = (F, X, Y, S, S 0 , C) (7.2) F ≡ {f i ; i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n f } (7.3) f i = f i (x i , s i ) (7.4) where x i is a vector with all inputs and s i a vector with all internal states. The result of f i is its new internal state vector s ′ i and output vector y i : [ ] s ′ i = f y i (x i , s i ) (7.5) i For clarification, the vectors can be written as ⎡ x i = ⎢ ⎣ x i,1 x i,2 . x i,mi ⎤ ⎡ ⎥ ⎦ ; s i = ⎢ ⎣ s i,1 s i,2 . s i,oi ⎤ ⎥ ⎦ ; ⎡ y i = ⎢ ⎣ y i,1 y i,2 . y i,pi ⎡ ⎤ [ ] s ′ ⎥ ⎦ ⇒ i = y i ⎢ ⎣ s ′ i,1 s ′ i,2 . s ′ i,o i y i,1 y i,2 . ⎤ ⎥ ⎦ (7.6) y i,pi All time variant values are digitised by the index k for the current execution point to additionally consider that the data flow is discrete: [ ] si,k = f y i (x i,k , s i,k−1 ); k = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . (7.7) i,k 111
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Open Source Software for Train Cont
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Datum des Promotionskolloquiums: 21
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Acknowledgments I would like to tha
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Abstract This document describes th
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Contents 3.3.3. Rascal . . . . . .
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Contents 8.4. Behavioural Design .
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Contents D.3. Domain Framework Mode
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List of Figures 6.4. Simple CORBA u
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List of Figures 10.27. General read
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Chapter 1. Introduction Railway Con
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Chapter 1. Introduction MontiCore M
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Chapter 1. Introduction ERTMS Forma
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Part I. Background 9
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Chapter 2. Concepts for Safe Railwa
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4The GOPPRR Meta Meta Model - An Ex
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4.1. Concrete Syntax Description Fo
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4.2. GOPPRR C++ Abstract Syntax Mod
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4.5. The Object Constraint Language
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4.5. The Object Constraint Language
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4.6. Tool Chain where artefacts are
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4.7. Conclusion External Artefacts
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Part II. Dependability 55
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Chapter 5. Verification and Validat
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11 openETCS Simulation Generally, a
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11.3. Simulation Model Figure 11.6.
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11.3. Simulation Model 11.3.2. CDMI
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Chapter 12. Conclusion and Outlook
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Part IV. Appendix 241
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Appendix A. GOPPRR to MOF Transform
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Appendix B. openETCS Meta Model Con
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DopenETCS Domain Framework D.1. Dom
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D.2. Domain Framework Source Code 8
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D.3. Domain Framework Model 32 m_pT
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Appendix E. openETCS Generator 39 <
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FMetaEdit+ Generators F.1. GOPPRR X
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GopenETCS Unit Testing G.1. Unit Te
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Appendix H. openETCS Simulation 14
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Glossary ANTLR ANother Tool for Lan
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Glossary EVC An European Vital Comp
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Glossary OEM An original equipment
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Glossary XML The Extensible Markup
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Bibliography [12] “EN 50128 - Rai
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Bibliography [39] ——, ““Ope
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Bibliography [69] T. J. Parr and R.
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Index Artefact, 51 Automatic train
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Index Linux, 149 Memory management,
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