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Chapter 3. Domain-Specific Modelling Language or rather the DSL is a modelling formalism specialised for a certain problem domain, which provides a high level of abstraction in relation to a programming language / target. The DSL is developed by a domain expert. Generator specifies how the parts of a concrete model are transformed to source code fitting to the target. The generator is normally developed by a programming expert to provide a high quality of the generated code. Domain Framework provides an interface between the generated code and the target platform / hardware. Typically, it consists of all static source code that does not have to be generated from the model. Often, a domain framework provides encapsulation of platform or hardware depended operation to enable platform / hardware independence. The domain framework is also developed by a programming expert, but itself does not necessarily need to be developed under model-driven aspects. Target is the generated code typically in a certain programming language. Normally, the target code is not executed or rather compiled alone but together with the domain framework and additional (static) source code. A DSM architecture does not have to necessarily consist of all four elements. For example, for an architecture that generates (Java code and then) Java bytecode, no domain framework would be necessary since Java bytecode is (mostly) platform independent. The corresponding DSM architecture elements are shown in Figure 3.2. Language model Generator Java Bytecode Target (Java Virtual Maschine) Figure 3.2.: Example of a DSM architecture for Java virtual machine as target Besides the definition and development of a DSM architecture, its usage is also an integral part of the development process. While DSM architecture elements are developed by domain and programming experts, the DSM architecture and especially the DSL is used by application developers who neither have to be programming nor domain experts. The correspondents between DSM definition and their usage is graphically shown in Figure 3.3 [46, p. 67]. The following section introduces some prominent, public meta meta models. Afterwards, these are compared in combination with the corresponding modelling applications to select an appropriate meta meta model for the case study in Part III. Readers familiar with the meta 22
3.1. Meta Meta Models DSM Definition Language DSM Usage Generator Model Domain Framework Code Target Figure 3.3.: DSM definition and usage meta models in the first section of this chapter, may skip the section or the corresponding subsections. 3.1. Meta Meta Models Normally, a DSL is defined by a meta model [76], which specifies the elements the DSL consist of and how they can be connected with each other. Analogue to the modelling of software in a DSL, a meta model itself is modelled in a meta meta model [76]. Therefore, a meta model can be interpreted as an instance of a meta meta model. Furthermore, a DSM architecture consists of two more instances that are the model and the application. Figure 3.4 shows all four instances and their relations. To illustrate the meaning of the instances, Figure 3.5 shows examples for instances of a programming language and of a graphical user interface (GUI) as DSM architecture. Typically, an existing meta meta model is chosen and not developed. For an object-oriented programming language, a class concept could be defined as meta class. In C++, this would correspond to the class [79] statement. The declaration of a concrete class would be the next instance and an object of this class the final one. The same could be done for developing a graphical user interface (GUI): Available GUI elements are defined as so-called widgets, which could be combined to a dialogue, from which the corresponding application is generated. As the preceding examples and figures show, the meta meta model is the starting point for every DSM architecture. Because of the big amount of available meta meta models, only the most significant are exemplary mentioned and explained in the following subsections. 3.1.1. Meta Object Facility The Meta Object Facility (MOF) [76, pp. 64-71] was specified by the Object Management Group (OMG) by using UML. Since UML is an already well established formalism, no more 23
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Part IV. Appendix 241
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Glossary ANTLR ANother Tool for Lan
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Glossary OEM An original equipment
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Glossary XML The Extensible Markup
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Bibliography [12] “EN 50128 - Rai
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Index Artefact, 51 Automatic train
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Index Linux, 149 Memory management,
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