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Chapter 2. Concepts for Safe Railway Operation and Control reduction of errors First experiences with ETCS software already showed that even with common testing methods complex software never can be assumed to be error-free [38, 37]. With FLOSS, it is possible to have a big community (of experts) reviewing and correcting the source code. Also, this includes the elimination of "Backdoors". support of European Union The European Union does not only recommend the usage of FLOSS but also to make use of the European Union Public License (EUPL) [24], which is a license for FLOSS. Because openETCS is a project within the European Union, it seems obvious to use FLOSS under the EUPL for its realisation. ETCS refers to a whole control system with hardware and software elements while openETCS only describes (parts) of the software of this system. The openETCS software is (mainly) located on trains on board unit, the EVC. This is connected with several hardware components on the train (see Subsection 2.2.1 and Figure 2.1), which are used by the openETCS software. To avoid dependencies from certain and proprietary hardware components in the software, a hardware abstraction layer must exist between openETCS and the hardware device drivers on the EVC. Therefore, openETCS is more generally usable. Figure 2.2 shows how openETCS integrates in the EVC with a hardware abstraction interacting with all other train on-board equipment from Figure 2.1. Train Eurobalise Reader Euroradio Euroloop Reader EVC Brakes openETCS Hardware Abstraction Layer DMI Driver Odometer STM Figure 2.2.: openETCS system integration 2.4. Conclusion ETCS or rather openETCS is used as case study in this work because, first of all, it fulfils the requirements defined in Section 2.1. Second, it has a public available specification, which also could be published as formal language or model. Additionally, it provides the focus on the software-side of the ATP system, which is of main interest in this work. The openETCS initiative demonstrates that the scope of this work especially with ETCS is of high research interest. 20
3Domain-Specific Modelling Domain-Specific Modelling (DSM) [46] is a modern software engineering method that uses models, instead of pure source code, to develop software, as applied in several currently used development strategies. The key difference is that it does not use a general modelling language to describe each certain problem but uses for each certain problem domain a certain Domain- Specific Language (DSL) [46]. This dramatically increases the level of abstraction for software development while the complexity is reduced [46]. In contrast to currently available CASE-Tools for UML [64], a DSL can provide the generation of all source code. With UML, this is not possible since UML is a very general language and does not provide much abstraction from source code. Although UML provides a specialisation mechanism with profiles [64], it can be shown that those cannot provide the same level of abstraction and effectiveness for code generation as when using a DSL [57]. In general, a DSM architecture consists of four elements as shown in Figure 3.1. Language model Generator code Domain Framework target executeable / application Target Figure 3.1.: Elements of a DSM architecture 21
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Chapter 12. Conclusion and Outlook
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Part IV. Appendix 241
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Glossary ANTLR ANother Tool for Lan
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Glossary EVC An European Vital Comp
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Glossary OEM An original equipment
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Glossary XML The Extensible Markup
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Bibliography [12] “EN 50128 - Rai
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Bibliography [39] ——, ““Ope
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Bibliography [69] T. J. Parr and R.
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Index Artefact, 51 Automatic train
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Index Linux, 149 Memory management,
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