MGNREGA_SAMEEKSHA

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Bibliography 85 There have been numerous success stories of economic and environmental regeneration where year-round productive employment has been generated as a result of community or NGO efforts. Such success has not been found in the government employment guarantee schemes of the past. Yet, the potential of NREGA in reaching the rural poor is unsurpassed as it is now being implemented in all the districts of India. There is, thus, an urgent need to study how such success stories can be made part of the employment guarantee schemes, what are the lacunae and drawbacks and how they can be addressed. Using primary data collected from two districts, Nuapada district in Orissa and Sidhi district in Madhya Pradesh, the authors have assessed the potential of the NREGA in providing food and livelihood security. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Opportunities and Challenges for NREGA, New Delhi: CSE, 2008. Abstract: This compilation looks at how NREGA is an opportunity to make jobs work for village development. It shows how the Scheme needs to look at holistic planning and how the details, and not the concept, of the MGNREGA need to be fixed. For, the God of ecological regeneration, too, is in the details. In 2006–07 alone MGNREGA has created more than half a million productive assets, mostly water and soil conservation structures. Each of them has the potential to herd poverty out from villages. On the other hand, the Act has not been able to generate the kind of employment demand as expected. It has created only an average of 43 days of employment in 2006–07. Further, the NREGA targets development in backward districts using the huge demand for casual jobs. Its challenge is to turn the demand for casual job into productive employment. Thus, it is imperative to understand the complex socio-economic and governance challenges of these districts. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), An Ecological Act: A Backgrounder to the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, New Delhi: CSE, 2009. Abstract: The paper makes a case for using MGNREGA as an effective development tool. In the context of rural poverty, the MGNREGA should be seen more as a livelihood-generating programme than a wage-earning scheme. It offers a unique opportunity to turn around rural development. However, the concept of creating employment in public works is not new. The Maharashtra model of rural employment has existed since the 1970s. The most critical difference now is that people’s entitlement, by law, to employment, is mandated through NREGA for the entire country. Not much has changed in the form and substance of the public work programmes in the past thirty-odd years, however. In many ways the NREGA is a replication of earlier schemes in letter and spirit, but with a legal guarantee. So past failures do haunt the NREGA like,, lack of right planning, focus on local needs and also dominantly bureaucratic roles. The study posits that if implemented efficiently, NREGA can be used to regenerate local ecology, and help trigger real economic growth. Its focus on irrigation, land and plantation gives it the necessary capacity to rescue rural India from its crisis. Chandrashekar, C., and J. Ghosh, ‘Public Works and Wages in Rural India’, Retrieved from MacroScan: An Alternative Economic Webcentre, http://www.macroscan.org/fet/jan11/fet110111Public_Works.htm, accessed on 11 Jan 2011. Abstract: This study is based on an analysis of the NSSO’s 64th Round data that showed that real wages, specifically for women increased in the rural areas after implementation of the Scheme. Casual wages in agriculture remains constant compared with 2004–05. Labour costs account for less than half and usually around one-third of total agricultural costs. MGNREGS has had positive effects on women workers in rural labour markets. It has caused gender gaps to come down. Dasgupta, S., and S. Sudarshan, ‘Issues in Labour Market Inequality and Women’s Participation in India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act’, Working Paper No. 98, Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2011. Abstract: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP), renamed in October 2009 as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREGP) was a response by the UPA government to the distress in rural India, particularly in the agriculture sector. By providing 100 days of work to a rural household, the Act provides an income supplement for poor households. The NREGA wage is critical in this aspect. Using data from the 2004–05 NSSO survey and NREGA data from official sites, the study finds that: (i) women’s participation in the NREGA has been increasing; (ii) statewise women’s participation in the programme is positively correlated with women’s participation in rural areas, though women’s participation in NREGA is often higher than in other forms of recorded work so far; and (iii) women’s participation is negatively correlated with the existing gender wage gap in unskilled agricultural labour. The latter implies that where women’s actual wages as a share of men’s is lower in the private sector, women are flocking to work in this government administered programme. This will inevitably raise women’s bargaining power, and is potentially a critical factor in reducing gender disparities in the labour
86 Bibliography market. The question of course is to what extent the implementation of the programme will adhere to the Guidelines and to what extent other considerations would influence the actual roll out of the programme in different state governments. The paper also finds that the achievements or outcomes of the NREGA as far as women are concerned are—as with any other government programme—mediated by the intervening institutions including both the gendered nature of the labour market and the efficacy or otherwise of the local government. Deininger, K., and Y. Liu, ‘Poverty Impacts of India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme:Evidence from Andhra Pradesh’, Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, Colorado, 2010. Abstract: This study looks at the targeting of NREGS and how it affects some major welfare indicators on its direct beneficiaries. The authors have used the data from some 2,500 households in Andhra Pradesh (AP) who were surveyed in 2004 before NREGS had been conceived, in 2006 when implementation had just started, and in 2008 when NREGS operated state-wide. These are combined with detailed administrative data on NREGS roll-out and work records. The empirical results suggest that NREGS targets the poor. However, a higher propensity of participation for households playing a leadership role in the village points towards some influence of village leaders in allocation of work. A lower participation propensity for illiterate and female-headed households also suggests that awareness of the programme or other constraints on the ability to supply labour continue to be relevant. The authors’ results also point towards significant and positive impacts of NREGS participation on consumption expenditure, intake of energy and protein, and asset accumulation, which suggest that the short-term effects of NREGS on participating households were positive and greater than programme cost. Dheeraja, C., and H. Rao, ‘Changing Gender Relations: A Study of MGNREGS across Different States’, Hyderabad: National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), 2010. Abstract: This is a study on the impact of MGNREGS on gender relations in 102 districts in 27 States. The study found that gender relations in favour of women increased in the post-MGNREGS period. Self-esteem, self-image and confidence levels of women improved through their participation under MGNREGS. SHGs contributed to the changes in gender relations among the members and MGNREGS consolidated these changes. Gender Relation Index (GRI) consisting of social, economic and political dimensions at both household and community levels increased for women after implementation of MGNREGS. Dreze, J., ‘Employment Guarantee and the Right to Work’, in The Battle for Employment Guarantee, ed. R. Khera, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 3–21. Abstract: This essay gives a brief history of MGNREGA’s implementation and lists out various points of debates and discussion on the Scheme. It also quotes key findings from a field study conducted in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu. Dreze, J., ‘Dantewada: Guarantee Withdrawn’, in The Battle for Employment Guarantee, ed. R. Khera, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 220–33. Abstract:This essay is based on a report prepared for the Central Employment Guarantee Council (CEGC) in September 2008. The field visit was undertaken in Bheramgarh block of district Dantewada in Chhattisgarh by Jean Dreze, Member of the CEGC. The report identifies constraints including, suspension of works in rainy season, staff shortage, low awareness levels and hoarding of Job Cards, in implementation of MGNREGA. Dreze, J., ‘Breaking the Nexus of Corruption’, in The Battle for Employment Guarantee, ed. R. Khera, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 241–50. Abstract: The essay looks at the effectiveness of the transparency safeguards under MGNREGA. In the initial stage of implementation of the Scheme, claims were often made that MGNREGA funds are not reaching the poor based on misleading accounts of a CAG report. The field studies undertaken indicate positive findings and show an improvement, fewer instances of corruption and leakages under MGNREGA than programmes like the National Food for Work Programme. Dreze, J., ‘The Perils of Gandhigiri’, in The Battle for Employment Guarantee, ed. R. Khera, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 257–61.
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MGNREGA Sameeksha ‘I will give yo
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MGNREGA Sameeksha An Anthology of R
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Contents List of Tables, Figures an
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Tables, Figures and Boxes Tables A:
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Foreword I In his famous talisman,
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Foreword xi There has been public c
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Abbreviations ADS AEO APL APO ATM B
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Abbreviations xvii RTI SAU SBI SC S
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2 MGNREGA Sameeksha Coverage The Ac
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4 MGNREGA Sameeksha Table A An Over
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6 MGNREGA Sameeksha per capita expe
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8 MGNREGA Sameeksha has had an impa
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10 MGNREGA Sameeksha Figure 1.1 Nom
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12 MGNREGA Sameeksha Line (APL) pop
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14 MGNREGA Sameeksha Box 1.1 MGNREG
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16 MGNREGA Sameeksha Micro-level da
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18 MGNREGA Sameeksha 2 Gender and S
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20 MGNREGA Sameeksha Scheme logisti
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22 MGNREGA Sameeksha male workers.
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24 MGNREGA Sameeksha the importance
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26 MGNREGA Sameeksha women need to
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28 MGNREGA Sameeksha Table 3.1 Tota
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30 MGNREGA Sameeksha the farmers ca
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32 MGNREGA Sameeksha a conceptualis
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Page 73 and 74: 54 MGNREGA Sameeksha 6 Governance a
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Page 99 and 100: 80 Bibliography Ambasta, P., ‘MGN
Page 101 and 102: 82 Bibliography different regions,
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Page 107 and 108: 88 Bibliography cent) and on non-fo
Page 109 and 110: 90 Bibliography vulnerability. As a
Page 111 and 112: 92 Bibliography Abstract: IIM Shill
Page 113 and 114: 94 Bibliography Jameel Poverty Acti
Page 115 and 116: 96 Bibliography Abstract: The impac
Page 117 and 118: 98 Bibliography than 50 per cent in
Page 119 and 120: 100 Bibliography This adverse produ
Page 121 and 122: 102 Bibliography Planning Commissio
Page 123 and 124: 104 Bibliography some extent, in sh
Page 125 and 126: 106 Bibliography Abstract: The evid
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