MGNREGA_SAMEEKSHA

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Gender and Social Empowerment 19 Table 2.1 Percentage of Women Person-days from FY 2006–07 to FY 2011–12* Women Women Women Women Women Women person-days person-days person-days person-days person-days person-days State (% of total (% of total (% of total (% of total (% of total (% of total person-days person-days person-days person-days person-days person-days in in the State) in the State) in the State) in the State) in the State) the State) FY 2006–07 FY 2007–08 FY 2008–09 FY 2009–10 FY 2010–11 FY 2011–12* Andhra Pradesh 55 58 58 58 57 58 Assam 32 31 27 28 27 25 Bihar 17 28 30 30 28 29 Chhattisgarh 39 42 47 49 49 45 Gujarat 50 47 43 48 44 45 Haryana 31 34 31 35 36 36 Himachal Pradesh 12 30 39 46 48 60 Jammu and Kashmir 4 1 6 7 7 18 Jharkhand 39 27 29 34 33 31 Karnataka 51 50 50 37 46 46 Kerala 66 71 85 88 90 93 Madhya Pradesh 43 42 43 44 44 43 Maharashtra 37 40 46 40 46 46 Odisha 36 36 38 36 39 39 Punjab 38 16 25 26 34 43 Rajasthan 67 69 67 67 68 69 Tamil Nadu 81 82 80 83 83 74 Uttar Pradesh 17 15 18 22 21 17 Uttarakhand 30 43 37 40 40 45 West Bengal 18 17 27 33 34 32 All India 40 43 48 48 48 47 Note: (1) Union Territories and some States are not included in the table. (2) All-India total is for all States and Union Territories. *Provisional Data. At the time of the preparation of the report, data entry for States was still open for the year 2011–12. Source: Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act (official website), www.mgnrega.nic.in. casual wage labour 3 market across all States. 4 Women are participating in the Scheme much more actively than they participated in all forms of recorded work. 5 This may support the hypothesis that MGNREGA creates decent and favourable work conditions for women. For instance, MGNREGA’s stipulation of work within 5 kilometres (kms) of the village where the job applicant resides makes participation in the 3 Casual labour refers to work on non-public work. For details, see P. Dutta, R. Murgai, M. Ravallion, and W. V. Dominique, ‘Does India’s Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee Employment’, Policy Research Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012. 4 Dutta, Murgai, Ravallion and Dominique, ‘Does India’s Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee Employment’. 5 J. Ghosh, ‘Equity and Inclusion through Public Expenditure: The Potential of the Nregs’, New Delhi: Paper for International Conference on NREGA, 21–22 January 2009.
20 MGNREGA Sameeksha Scheme logistically feasible for women who may have limited employment opportunities available to them, given their role and responsibilities in their households. A study conducted across ten sample districts of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh seems to confirm these findings; only 30 per cent of the women in the sample recalled earning a cash income from a source other than MGNREGA, in the three months preceding the survey. Of the total women in the sample, 50 per cent said that in the absence of MGNREGA they would have worked at home or would have remained unemployed. 6 Inter-State Variations: However, the large interstate variation in women participation has remained an issue for further analysis. In FY 2011–12,* Kerala had the highest female participation rate at 93 per cent, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan followed with 74 per cent and 69 per cent respectively. Nine states below the requirement of 33 per cent were Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, Bihar, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal (see Figure 2.1). The southern states, like Kerala and Tamil Nadu, show a higher rate of participation in MGNREGA as compared to their overall work participation in all recorded works. Among the northern and some eastern states, however, the pattern has been generally different, with proportionately fewer women working in the Scheme than in other rural work; Rajasthan is the only exception. These gaps are especially marked in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir, where women participation in MGNREGA is particularly low. 7 Some of the possible factors responsible for a high rate of participation in the southern states could be: Figure 2.1 Inter-State Variations in Women Participation in FY 2011–12* 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Kerala Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Himachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Gujarat Chhattisgarh Sikkim Uttarakhand Punjab Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Lakshadweep Tripura Odisha Haryana Manipur West Bengal Arunachal Pradesh Jharkhand Bihar Nagaland Assam Mizoram Jammu and Kashmir Uttar Pradesh Note: The green line represents the 33 per cent mandatory participation of women as required by the Act. * Provisional Data: At the time of the preparation of the report data entry for States was still open for the year 2011–12. Source: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (official website), http://www.mgnrega.nic.in. 6 J. Dreze and R. Khera, The Battle for Employment Guarantee, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 43–81. 7 Ghosh, ‘Equity and Inclusion through Public Expenditure’.
Page 2 and 3: MGNREGA Sameeksha ‘I will give yo
Page 4 and 5: MGNREGA Sameeksha An Anthology of R
Page 6 and 7: Contents List of Tables, Figures an
Page 8 and 9: Tables, Figures and Boxes Tables A:
Page 10 and 11: Foreword I In his famous talisman,
Page 12: Foreword xi There has been public c
Page 16 and 17: Abbreviations ADS AEO APL APO ATM B
Page 18: Abbreviations xvii RTI SAU SBI SC S
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Page 31 and 32: 12 MGNREGA Sameeksha Line (APL) pop
Page 33 and 34: 14 MGNREGA Sameeksha Box 1.1 MGNREG
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Page 43 and 44: 24 MGNREGA Sameeksha the importance
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70 MGNREGA Sameeksha A summary of t
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72 MGNREGA Sameeksha employment pro
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78 MGNREGA Sameeksha of MGNREGA, fr
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80 Bibliography Ambasta, P., ‘MGN
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82 Bibliography different regions,
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84 Bibliography Abstract: At the re
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86 Bibliography market. The questio
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88 Bibliography cent) and on non-fo
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92 Bibliography Abstract: IIM Shill
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94 Bibliography Jameel Poverty Acti
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