MGNREGA_SAMEEKSHA

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Bibliography 103 Abstract: While for several decades now there has been an unresolved debate about the feasibility of having a national minimum wage, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act with its provision for a country-wide wage rate has placed the possibility to do so squarely on the agenda. The NREGA wage rate must logically be a need-based national minimum wage under the Minimum Wages Act. Declaring a need-based minimum wage rate under NREGA which is linked to the SoRs allows for sufficient flexibility to account for regional/geographical variation. Shah, M., ‘Taking Goals of NREGA-I Forward’, The Hindu, 14 August 2009. Abstract: Envisioning NREGA-II is important to realise the unfulfilled dreams of NREGA-I, which has failed thus far to break free of the shackles of a debilitating past. Shah, M., ‘Multiplier Accelerator Synergy in NREGA’, The Hindu, 30 April 2009. Abstract: The concepts of multiplier and accelerator borrowed from macro-economic theory illuminate the enormous potential of NREGA and help set standards that it must be judged by. Shah, M., ‘Manual Labour and Growth’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 43, no. 51, 20 December 2008. Shah, M., ‘Employment Guarantee, Civil Society and Indian Democracy’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 42, no. 45, 17 November, 2007. Abstract: The author feels that the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), which promises the largest ever employment programme in human history, has the potential to provide a ‘big push’ in India’s regions of distress. For NREGA to be able to realise its potential, the role of civil society organisations is crucial. But this calls for a new self-aware, self-critical politics of fortitude, balance and restraint. Shah, M., et al., India’s Drylands: Tribal Societies and Development through Environmental Regeneration, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998. Abstract: The book contains one of the first articulations of the case for and estimate of a productivity-enhancing rural employment guarantee in India that would be sustainable both in ecological and financial terms, giving rise to food security and livelihoods for millions of India’s poorest people. Shah, T., S. Verma, R. Indu, and P. Hemant, ‘Asset Creation through Employment Guarantee?: Synthesis of Student Case Studies in Nine states of India’, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2010. Abstract: This report synthesises insights from 40 case studies of MGNREGS works undertaken by the students of Institute of Rural Management (IRMA) across 11 districts in nine States during 2009–10. Additional fieldwork was undertaken by IWMI researchers and consultants in Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal to achieve a geographically well-rounded perspective. The study assesses the scheme against two criteria: satisfaction levels of work seekers with the wage-benefit provided by the scheme; and of the village community with the non-wage benefit created by it through durable social assets. Overall, the authors found that village communities were happier with the non-wage benefits than workseekers were with wage-benefits. In general, we found, (i) workseekers as well as the rest of the village community were adequately prepared for deriving Scheme’s benefits; (ii) village power structures wanted to use MGNREGS to build broad-based political capital; (iii) the core and spirit of the MGNREGA protocol were upheld and the panchayat and block-administration played their respective roles adequately; and (iv) what MGNREGA offers has a good ‘fit’ with what work-seekers, village community and local leadership want. Shah, V. D., and M. Makwana, Impact of NREGA on Wage Rates, Food Secuirty and Rural Urban Migration in Gujarat, Vallabh Vidyanagar: Agro-economic Research Centre, Sardar Patel University, 2011. Abstract: The study makes an assessment of the MGNREGA with respect to the extent of employment generation, its effect on rural to urban migration, asset creation, determinants of participation and implementation in five districts of Gujarat. The main findings were; though MGNREGA did not cause significant halting in distress out-migration, it succeeded, to
104 Bibliography some extent, in shortening the out-migration period of some migrants. However, due to low realisation of wage amount, unavailability of employment for a longer period of time and uncertainty of starting of MGNREGA works, many members of beneficiary households preferred to migrate to other places without waiting to start MGNREGA works in their own village. Food consumption of MGNREGA beneficiaries was better compared to NSSO data of year 2005. In asset creation, the quality of assets created was either poor or moderate, due to lack of proper planning and maintenance. Assets became non-useful in a short period but more than 90 per cent of respondents perceived them as being useful to village community. They also felt that MGNREGA provides opportunity for infrastructural development of the village. Shankar, S., and R. Gaiha, ‘Networks and Anti-Poverty Programs: The NREG Experience’, ASARC Working Papers 2011–05, Canberra: Australia South Asia Research Centre, 2011. Abstract: Governments struggle with the reality that the beneficiaries of anti-poverty programmes are powerless to influence policies and stem the possibility of capture of benefits by the non-poor. Networks—social and political—are supposed to increase the ability of the less powerful to access their entitlements. The paper assesses whether socially and politically networked households do, in fact, have better awareness of the components of the programme and of the processes of decision-making, and whether such networking makes them more likely to vocalise their dissatisfaction when their entitlements are threatened. India’s national rural employment guarantee scheme’s (NREG) institutional design (mandating village assemblies to authorise decisions on the projects) makes it a good test case. The results show that links to social and political networks do significantly increase the awareness of the villagers on the programme’s components and enhances their ability to seek redress of their grievances. Shariff, A., ‘Assessment of Outreach and Benefits of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India’, Indian Journal of Labour Economics, vol. 52, no. 2, 2009, pp. 243–68. Abstract: This paper analyses official statistics and survey data from seven northern States. The future of NREGA is strongly linked to the cherished national goal to strengthen and broad base decentralisation of local governance. But there are wide variations amongst the States not only in the level of decentralisation but also in the capacity to implement such a large scheme and lack of convergence amongst relevant government departments and functionaries. NREGA has the potential to address both sustenance of income and enhance the social welfare of households in rural areas. Sharma, A. ‘Rights-based Legal Guarantee as Development Policy: A Discussion on the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA’), New Delhi: UNDP, 2010. Abstract: The paper seeks to critically examine Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) as a Rights-based legal framework for guaranteeing basic livelihood security to rural households. The main concern of the paper is to examine the legal design and policy innovations and the extent to which they facilitate the fulfilment of the objectives of the Act. The issues discussed in the context of MGNREGA as a Rights-based law may be pertinent to policy formulation in other development contexts. In examining the rights-based framework of MGNREGA, the following questions arise: (i) What Rights are being recognised? (ii) What are the processes for realising them? Are these feasible? (iii) What obligations are created by such processes upon the State and the citizen? (iv) What are the challenges to the administrative systems in implementing programmes governed by legal frameworks? (v) What kinds of negotiations are possible to balance the mandatory nature of law and the flexibility desired of a development programme. The discussion of MGNREGA in terms of its design and key factors that constrain and facilitate the achievement of its objectives engages with these questions, suggesting possibilities of reviewing some aspects of the Act as well as hoping to offer insights to similar policy exercises. MGNREGA belongs to a long history of wage employment programmes. The most significant features of the MGNREGA are that it creates a rights-based framework and that it is a law. Backed by political will and adequate budget resources from the Government of India, the implementation of the Act has yielded encouraging results, despite uneven performance across the country. Initial studies vindicate its effect in augmenting employment, increasing wage earnings, stemming distress migration, enhancing productivity and promoting equity, especially gender equity. The way ahead is to (i) build capacity of the system to deliver a legal guarantee (ii) develop capabilities of the people to demand rights and hold the Government accountable (iii) revisit the Act to make it an instrument for more sustainable development. Siddhartha, and A. Vanaik, ‘Findings from a Survey in Himachal Pradesh’, in Battle for Employment Guarantee, ed. R. Khera, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 201–20.
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MGNREGA Sameeksha ‘I will give yo
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MGNREGA Sameeksha An Anthology of R
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Contents List of Tables, Figures an
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Tables, Figures and Boxes Tables A:
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Foreword I In his famous talisman,
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Foreword xi There has been public c
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Abbreviations ADS AEO APL APO ATM B
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Abbreviations xvii RTI SAU SBI SC S
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2 MGNREGA Sameeksha Coverage The Ac
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4 MGNREGA Sameeksha Table A An Over
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6 MGNREGA Sameeksha per capita expe
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8 MGNREGA Sameeksha has had an impa
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10 MGNREGA Sameeksha Figure 1.1 Nom
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12 MGNREGA Sameeksha Line (APL) pop
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14 MGNREGA Sameeksha Box 1.1 MGNREG
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16 MGNREGA Sameeksha Micro-level da
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18 MGNREGA Sameeksha 2 Gender and S
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20 MGNREGA Sameeksha Scheme logisti
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22 MGNREGA Sameeksha male workers.
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24 MGNREGA Sameeksha the importance
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26 MGNREGA Sameeksha women need to
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28 MGNREGA Sameeksha Table 3.1 Tota
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30 MGNREGA Sameeksha the farmers ca
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32 MGNREGA Sameeksha a conceptualis
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34 MGNREGA Sameeksha Work on Privat
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36 MGNREGA Sameeksha Rajasthan, Guj
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38 MGNREGA Sameeksha 4 Environmenta
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40 MGNREGA Sameeksha While effectiv
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42 MGNREGA Sameeksha to a range of
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44 MGNREGA Sameeksha efficiently se
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46 MGNREGA Sameeksha force where mo
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Table 5.1 Month-wise Person-days Ge
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50 MGNREGA Sameeksha Increase in Ba
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Page 73 and 74: 54 MGNREGA Sameeksha 6 Governance a
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Page 87 and 88: 68 MGNREGA Sameeksha soil. The cost
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Page 99 and 100: 80 Bibliography Ambasta, P., ‘MGN
Page 101 and 102: 82 Bibliography different regions,
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Page 105 and 106: 86 Bibliography market. The questio
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Page 109 and 110: 90 Bibliography vulnerability. As a
Page 111 and 112: 92 Bibliography Abstract: IIM Shill
Page 113 and 114: 94 Bibliography Jameel Poverty Acti
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Page 119 and 120: 100 Bibliography This adverse produ
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