MGNREGA_SAMEEKSHA

Recommendations

Info

Gender and Social Empowerment 21 • Cultural acceptance of female participation in the labour force, 8 • Influence of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), 9 • Effective institutions at the State and local government level that are committed to promoting female participation in MGNREGA, • Wage differentials between private sector and MGNREGA, 10 • Higher rationing 11 in poorer states such that there are still a higher percentage of women in casual wage. 12 Rationing could also be due to a lack of awareness in the poorer states, or also due to a high demand and limited supply of work opportunities wherein women are forced to compete with men for employment, and the latter are usually favoured for manual labour. 13 However, in places where the market wages are higher than MGNREGA, men undertake jobs in the market and women seek employment under the Scheme. 14 (Also see Reduced Differential Wages and Wage Parity below). Non-availability of work-site facilities like crèches, is also a huge disincentive for women. Further, certain types of MGNREGA work also limit the participation of women. In some states, productivity norms are too exacting, because the Schedule of Rates 15 (SoRs) is yet to be revised in line with the norms of the Scheme. 16 Additionally, the work hours may make it difficult to balance MGNREGA with their housework such as collecting water, wood, grass for livestock, etc. 17 Reduced Differential Wages and Wage Parity MGNREGA has reduced traditional gender wage discrimination, particularly in the public works 18 sector. As per NSSO 66th round, the average wage for labour in MGNREGA was Rs 90.9 per day for men, and for women it was Rs 87 per day. The wage difference was larger for labour in other public works; Rs 98.3 per day for men and Rs 86.1 per day for women. The NSSO 66th Round 19 indicates that MGNREGA has reduced the traditional wage discrimination in public works. As per the data, average wage for labour in MGNREGA was Rs 90.9 per day for men, and for women it was Rs 87 per day. The difference was larger for labour in other public works; Rs 98.3 per day for men and Rs 86.1 per day for women. 20 Other studies also suggest an upward movement of unskilled wages for women post-MGNREGA. For instance, in Kerala, the wages for women in agriculture and forest work rose from Rs 70–80 in 2007 to Rs 110–25 in 2009. 21 In fact, real wages increased more rapidly for female workers than for 8 K. Bonner, et al., ‘MGNREGA Implementation: A Cross-State Comparison’, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, 2012. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 11 Rationing of demand: Households that are willing to work and seeking employment under the NREGA but not being given work. 12 Dutta, Murgai, Ravallion and Dominique, ‘Does India’s Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee Employment’. 13 Ibid. 14 R. M. Sudarshan, ‘India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Women’s Participation and Impacts in Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Rajasthan’, Institute of Development Studies, 2011. 15 The details of the productivity norms are listed in the Schedule of Rates (SoRs). The SoRs, under the Act, have to be such that a person working for 9 hours, with one hour of rest, is able to earn the notified MGNREGA minimum wage. 16 R. Khera and N. Nayak. ‘Women Workers and Perceptions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 64, no. 43, 24 October 2009. 17 Sudarshan, ‘India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Women’s Participation and Impacts in Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Rajasthan’. 18 Public works are development projects/works that are undertaken for public use and owned by the government. 19 NSSO, 66th Round National Survey, July 2009–June 2010, Employment and Unemployment, 2009–10. 20 Ibid. 21 R. M. Sudarshan, ‘Examining India’s National Regional Employment Guarantee Act: Its Impact and Women’s Participation’. New Delhi: Institute of Social Studies Trust (ISST), 2009.
22 MGNREGA Sameeksha male workers. 22 In a survey of 75 villages across four states—Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala and Rajasthan—it was found that the ratio of male-female wage rates, on an average, declined from 1.40 in 2007–08 to 1.30 in 2009–10 (see Figure 2.2). 23 Parity in wage rates also appears to be positively affecting participation of women in the Scheme. States that have a high wage differential in casual labour market (for works other than MGNREGA) are likely to have a greater participation of women in MGNREGA, which assures wage equity. An intra-household substitution effect appears to be at work. In other words, when casual labour market opportunities are better for men than they are for women, it is easier for women to get the (limited) number of jobs available under the Scheme (see Table 2.2). 24 However, Punjab (43 per cent participation of women) and Haryana (36 per cent participation of women) appear to be the exceptions; these States have high differences between men and women in market wages, yet have participation below the national average of 50 per cent. This trend requires further investigation. The possible reasons could be, limited demand of work such that men avail of the employment, or nonavailability of work suitable for women, or it could be due to cultural reasons such as non-acceptance of women in the labour force, etc. Figure 2.2 140 Difference in Male-Female Wage Rates in MGNREGA across Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Kerala 1.42 120 100 80 1.40 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.34 60 1.32 1.32 40 20 0 2008–08 2008–09 2009–10 1.30 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.24 Male Female MGNREGA Male-Female Wage Ratio Source: S. Verma, ‘Participatory Planning of Water Assets for Multiple Uses in MGNREGS, India’, Presentation at MUS Group meeting, 31 May–1 June, Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), 2011. 22 Ghosh, ‘Equity and Inclusion through Public Expenditure’. 23 S. Verma, MGNREGA Assets and Rural Water Security: Synthesis of Field Studies in Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala and Rajasthan, Anand: International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2011. 24 Dutta, Murgai, Ravallion and Dominique, ‘Does India’s Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee Employment’.
Page 2 and 3: MGNREGA Sameeksha ‘I will give yo
Page 4 and 5: MGNREGA Sameeksha An Anthology of R
Page 6 and 7: Contents List of Tables, Figures an
Page 8 and 9: Tables, Figures and Boxes Tables A:
Page 10 and 11: Foreword I In his famous talisman,
Page 12: Foreword xi There has been public c
Page 16 and 17: Abbreviations ADS AEO APL APO ATM B
Page 18: Abbreviations xvii RTI SAU SBI SC S
Page 21 and 22: 2 MGNREGA Sameeksha Coverage The Ac
Page 23 and 24: 4 MGNREGA Sameeksha Table A An Over
Page 25 and 26: 6 MGNREGA Sameeksha per capita expe
Page 27 and 28: 8 MGNREGA Sameeksha has had an impa
Page 29 and 30: 10 MGNREGA Sameeksha Figure 1.1 Nom
Page 31 and 32: 12 MGNREGA Sameeksha Line (APL) pop
Page 33 and 34: 14 MGNREGA Sameeksha Box 1.1 MGNREG
Page 35 and 36: 16 MGNREGA Sameeksha Micro-level da
Page 37 and 38: 18 MGNREGA Sameeksha 2 Gender and S
Page 39: 20 MGNREGA Sameeksha Scheme logisti
Page 43 and 44: 24 MGNREGA Sameeksha the importance
Page 45 and 46: 26 MGNREGA Sameeksha women need to
Page 47 and 48: 28 MGNREGA Sameeksha Table 3.1 Tota
Page 49 and 50: 30 MGNREGA Sameeksha the farmers ca
Page 51 and 52: 32 MGNREGA Sameeksha a conceptualis
Page 53 and 54: 34 MGNREGA Sameeksha Work on Privat
Page 55 and 56: 36 MGNREGA Sameeksha Rajasthan, Guj
Page 57 and 58: 38 MGNREGA Sameeksha 4 Environmenta
Page 59 and 60: 40 MGNREGA Sameeksha While effectiv
Page 61 and 62: 42 MGNREGA Sameeksha to a range of
Page 63 and 64: 44 MGNREGA Sameeksha efficiently se
Page 65 and 66: 46 MGNREGA Sameeksha force where mo
Page 67 and 68: Table 5.1 Month-wise Person-days Ge
Page 69 and 70: 50 MGNREGA Sameeksha Increase in Ba
Page 71 and 72: 52 MGNREGA Sameeksha labour, 42 the
Page 73 and 74: 54 MGNREGA Sameeksha 6 Governance a
Page 75 and 76: 56 MGNREGA Sameeksha Panchayati Raj
Page 77 and 78: 58 MGNREGA Sameeksha the year prior
Page 79 and 80: 60 MGNREGA Sameeksha reasons for de
Page 81 and 82: 62 MGNREGA Sameeksha Table 6.2 Stat
Page 83 and 84: 64 MGNREGA Sameeksha Figure 6.1 Mai
Page 85 and 86: 66 MGNREGA Sameeksha states, includ
Page 87 and 88: 68 MGNREGA Sameeksha soil. The cost
Page 89 and 90: 70 MGNREGA Sameeksha A summary of t
Page 91 and 92:
72 MGNREGA Sameeksha employment pro
Page 93 and 94:
74 MGNREGA Sameeksha Table 7.1 Expa
Page 95 and 96:
76 MGNREGA Sameeksha The new Guidel
Page 97 and 98:
78 MGNREGA Sameeksha of MGNREGA, fr
Page 99 and 100:
80 Bibliography Ambasta, P., ‘MGN
Page 101 and 102:
82 Bibliography different regions,
Page 103 and 104:
84 Bibliography Abstract: At the re
Page 105 and 106:
86 Bibliography market. The questio
Page 107 and 108:
88 Bibliography cent) and on non-fo
Page 109 and 110:
90 Bibliography vulnerability. As a
Page 111 and 112:
92 Bibliography Abstract: IIM Shill
Page 113 and 114:
94 Bibliography Jameel Poverty Acti
Page 115 and 116:
96 Bibliography Abstract: The impac
Page 117 and 118:
98 Bibliography than 50 per cent in
Page 119 and 120:
100 Bibliography This adverse produ
Page 121 and 122:
102 Bibliography Planning Commissio
Page 123 and 124:
104 Bibliography some extent, in sh
Page 125 and 126:
106 Bibliography Abstract: The evid
Page 127 and 128:
108 Bibliography studies indicate t
show all

MGNREGA_SAMEEKSHA

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?