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The Local Agenda 21 Planning Guide Survey are a relatively low-cost method of directly obtaining information about people’s attitudes, opinions, needs, perceptions, policy preferences, behavior, and characteristics. Surveys are a sequence of focused, pre-determined questions with limited options for responses. They can be designed to obtain quantitative or qualitative information from the public; however, surveys can also be used to generate interest and involvement in an issue. While surveys can obtain relatively accurate information on public opinions because they demand immediate and frequently simplified answers, they do not provide the opportunity for carefully debated and considered responses. Surveys present a very limited and controlled agenda to citizens, often overlooking citizen’s important concerns that are unknown to those implementing the survey. Surveys can add value when they are used to identify problems, narrow the focus to clarify the objectives of a project or policy, plan strategies for implementation, and monitor or evaluate participation. In the context of sustainable development planning, surveys can be used to gather specific information for issue identification and assessment, provide public feedback on decisions that are made by the stakeholder group, and provide public input into indicator selection and program monitoring. SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool that can be used to do an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of any proposed action. Strengths (i.e. capacities, contacts, resources, etc.), and weaknesses (i.e. diminishing ability to provide quality services), refer to factors internal to the community. Opportunities (a combination of circumstances which, if accompanied by a certain course of action on the part of the community, is likely to produce benefits), and threats (probable events which, if they were to occur, would produce significant damage to the community) refer to outside influences. SWOT analyses can be highly structured and thorough or unstructured and general. SWOT analysis produces a comprehensive list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, which will aid in the formulation of attainable long-range goals, action programs, and policies. Systems Analysis Systems analysis is an analytical approach that relies upon a variety of statistical and scientific methods to characterize and measure the functioning and capacity of a social, economic, and environmental system. Some of the principal methods used in systems analysis are materials flow analysis, carrying capacity analysis, systems diagramming, and systems modeling. Based on these analyses, points of non-sustainability or instability in the functioning of the system can be identified for corrective or remedial action. In the context of sustainable development planning, systems analysis will highlight the systemic issues that underlie and reproduce economic, environmental, and social problems and conditions. Local Agenda 21 Resources Local Agenda 21 Handbooks and Guides Association of Finnish Local Authorities, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of the Environment, and the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health. Sustainable Development—A Handbook for Municipalities. Helsinki, Finland:The Association of Finnish Local Authorities, 1994. Australian Municipal Association and the Department of Environment, Sport and Territories. Managing for the Future:A Local Government Guide. Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, 1994. German Technical Corporation, Urban Environmental Training Materials Project. Manual for Urban Environmental Management. Bangkok, Thailand: (Gesellschaft fur Technische Zuammenarbeit (GTZ), Dag-Hammarskjold-Weg 1–2, PO Box 5180, D-6236 Eschborn, Germany), 1992. German Technical Corporation (GTZ), Urban Environmental Guidelines Project. Urban Environmental Management Guidelines, Thailand. Bangkok,Thailand: (Urban Environmental Guidelines Project, Local Government Development Division, Department of http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/448-2/ (160 of 180)18/10/2010 12:47:23 AM
The Local Agenda 21 Planning Guide Local Administration, Wang Sunantha, Ratchasima Road, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300. Tel.: 66 2 243-0540; Fax: 66 2 243-1812), 1994. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI). European Local Agenda 21 Flanning Guide—How to Engage in Long-Term Environmental Action Planning Towards Sustainability. Brussels, Belgium: European Sustainable Cities and Towns Campaign, 1995. Juffermans,J. Sustainable Lifestyles: Strengthening the Global Dimension to Local Agenda 21, Guide to Good Practice. The Hague, Netherlands: Towns and Development (P.O. Box 85615, 2508 CH. The Hague, Netherlands. Tel.: 31 70 362 3894; Fax: 31 70 364 2869), 1995. Local Government Management Board. Agenda 21:A Guide for Local Authorities in the U.K. Luton, UK, n.d. Local Government Management Board. Earth Summit: Rio ’92, Information Pack for Local Authorities. Luton, UK, 1992. Local Government Management Board. Local Agenda 21, Principles and Process: A Step by Step Guide. Luton, UK, 1994. Local Government Management Board and the University of the West of England. Sustainable Settlements: A Guide for Planners, Designers and Developers. Luton, UK, n.d. Ministry of the Environment and Local Government Association. Taking Up the Challenge of Agenda 21: A Guide for Local Government,. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of the Environment, 1994. Municipal Conservation Association. Managing for the Future, A Local Government Guide. Melbourne, Australia: Department of Environment, Sports and Territories (Fourth Floor, Ross House, 247 Flinders Lane, Melbourne 3000. Tel.: 61 3 654 1322; Fax 61 3 650 3689), 1994. Municipal Conservation Association and Victoria Office of the Environment, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Looking Forward:The Next Step;A Guide to Preparing a Local Conservation Strategy. Melbourne, Australia, n.d. Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy.Sustainable Communities Resource Package. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1995. World Associations of Major Metropolises (Metropolis), United Towns Organization (UTO), International Union of Local Authorities (IULA) and Summit Conference of Major Cities of the World (SUMMIT). Towards a Local “Agenda 21”:An Urban Synthesis of Agenda 21,A Guide for Local Authorities. Paris, France: METROPOLIS (Iaurif, 16, Bd. de Raspail—75007, Paris. Tel.: 33 1 40 43 78 00; Fax 33 1 40 434 79 85), 1994. The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Guide to Local Sustainable Development Strategies (LSDS). Gland, Switzerland: Strategies for Sustainability Service (SSS), Commission for Environmental Strategies and Planning (CESP) Working Group on Strategies for Sustainability (WGSS) Joint Programme, 1993. The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Strategies for National Sustainable Development: A Handbook for their Planning and Implementation. Gland, Switzerland: Earthscan Publications, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and IUCN, 1994. Local Agenda 21 and Sustainable Development: Selected Reading Bartone C. et al. Toward Environmental Strategies for Cities: Policy Considerations for Urban Environmental Management in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS), and World Bank Urban Management Programme, 1994. Dillinger,W. Decentralization and Its Implications for Urban Service Delivery,. Washington, DC: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS), and World Bank Urban Management Programme, 1993. http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/448-2/ (161 of 180)18/10/2010 12:47:23 AM
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