POLITECHNIKA WARSZAWSKA

4. ANN based Current Controllers (CC)
Variable switching frequency controllers
Among the main advantages of hysteresis CC are: simplicity, outstanding
robustness, lack of tracking errors, independence of load parameter changes, and
extremely good dynamics limited only by switching speed and load time constant.
However, this class of schemes, also known as free-running hysteresis controllers
[16], has the following disadvantages:
- the converter switching frequency depends largely on the load parameters and varies
with the AC voltage,
- the operation is somewhat rough due to the inherent randomness caused by the
limit cycle; therefore, protection of the converter is difficult [56].
It is characteristic of the hysteresis CC that the instantaneous current is kept exact in a
tolerance band except for systems without neutral leaders where the instantaneous
error can reach double the value of the hysteresis band [3,54]. This is due to the
interaction in the system with three independent controllers. The change of
comparator state in one-phase influences the voltage applied to the load in two other
phases (coupling). However, if all three current errors are considered as space vectors
[60], the interaction effect can be compensated, and many variants of controllers
known as space vector based, can be created [41,48,50,58, 63,68]. Moreover, if threelevel
comparators with a look-up table are used, a considerable decrease in the
inverter switching frequency can be achieved [37,48,50,58,63]. This is possible
thanks to appropriate selection of zero voltage vectors [48] (Fig.4.2c).
In the synchronous rotating d-q coordinates, the error field is rectangular and the controller
offers the opportunity of independent harmonic selection by choosing different
hysteresis values for the d and q components [49,62]. This can be used for torque
ripple minimisation in vector controlled AC motor drives (the hysteresis band for the
torque current component is set narrower than that for flux current component).
Constant average switching frequency controllers
A number of proposals have been put forward to overcome variable switching
frequency. The tolerance band amplitude can be varied, according to the AC side
voltage [39,43,47,53-55,57,59,69,103], or by means of a PLL control (Fig.8).
An approach which eliminates the interference, and its consequences, is that of
decoupling error signals by subtracting an interference signal derived from the mean
inverter voltage u N (Fig.4.3) [54]. Similar results are obtained in the case of
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