F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment - Joint Base Elmendorf ...

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F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment 5.0 Cumulative Impacts The cumulative effect of the plus-up would not be expected to change airspace management within the Alaskan training airspace. The airspace analysis in this EA includes all expected aircraft operations in existing Alaska military training airspace and ranges. Potential airspace enhancements to the Joint Pacific-Alaskan Range Complex (JPARC) are currently under study. Any potential JPARC impacts to airspace management or to other environmental resources will be addressed in separate environmental documentation. Replacing three squadrons operating a total of 60 primary twin-engine F-15C and F-15E fighter aircraft with 42 (36 plus the proposed 6) similarly-sized primary twin-engine F-22 fighter aircraft would not be expected to have any adverse cumulative effect in conjunction with other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable actions. 5.1.2.2 Noise JBER-Elmendorf noise conditions addressed for the F-22 plus-up in Section 4.2 take into consideration the F-22 beddown, C-17 beddown, Kulis C-130 relocation, and F-15 changes. The noise analysis for the F-22 presented in Section 4.2 is effectively a cumulative analysis (see Figure 4.2-1). The cumulative noise effects are those identified in Section 4.2. Noise effects under the airspace also reflect implementation of the cumulative actions from changes in F-15, F-22, C-130, C-17, and training exercises. Noise under the training airspace also represents cumulative activity from aircraft beddowns and reductions at JBER-Elmendorf. There would be no substantial cumulative effect to airspace noise from the F-22 plus-up in conjunction with past, present, or reasonably foreseeable projects. 5.1.2.3 Safety Flight, ground, and explosives safety associated with the F-22 plus-up are not expected to have any cumulative effects in conjunction with other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable actions. None of these cumulative actions except the potential bridge access routes could affect safety on the base or in base environs. The Air Force is working with the Knik Arm Bridge and Toll Authority to protect base safety and security. 5.1.2.4 Air Quality No new construction projects are scheduled in conjunction with the F-22 plus-up. Operational emissions would increase as aircraft and personnel are added to the base, but cumulative emissions, which include the departure of the F-15s, would result in lower overall JBER- Elmendorf base-generated total emissions. Implementation of other cumulative projects would add to the total air emissions in the region. The Knik Arm Crossing has the potential for growth with associated increases in regional vehicle emissions as it would open the way for further development in areas that are currently undeveloped. Further development and other civilian and military projects could contribute to a net increase in overall emissions. Page 5-6
F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment 5.0 Cumulative Impacts The C-17 beddown and initial F-22 beddown resulted in temporary increases in construction emissions. The construction occurred in a phased approach, and emissions were spread over time. The transformation of U.S. Army Alaska increased personnel on what is now JBER by 4,000 soldiers. This population increase results in an accompanying increase of payroll, secondary employment, and vehicular air emissions. The JPARC modification of MOAs could result in an increase in low-altitude emissions from Aggressor aircraft, although altitude and dispersion should result in no airspace cumulative impacts. JBER is in attainment for all of the criteria pollutants regulated by the CAA. The installation is located adjacent to Anchorage, which has CO air quality issues during winter months, and Eagle River, which is in attainment status for all criteria pollutants except PM 10. The majority of the PM 10 affecting Eagle River is associated with fugitive dust generated from travel on unpaved roads. Cleared areas, volcanoes, glacial silt, and forest fires are identified as other PM 10 sources. Approximately 10 percent of the PM 10 is attributable to automobile exhaust, wood-burning stoves, and industrial sources. The addition of criteria pollutants associated with the F-22 plus-up is so slight that it would not affect changes to air quality attainment status, even in combination with other local activities. Cumulative projects would result in both direct and indirect emission of GHGs. Construction vehicles, personal vehicles, aircraft, transport trucks, buses, and military vehicles would directly produce GHGs. CO 2 resulting from vehicle engines would be the primary source of GHGs. GHG emissions are expected to be minimal and not significant. Indirect emissions of GHGs would result from fossil fuels being produced and transported to support regional projects. Quantification of such indirect effects is nearly impossible. 5.1.2.5 Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Cumulative regional construction could result in increased construction wastes. No construction would occur with the F-22 plus-up. Separate environmental analyses address project specific hazardous materials and hazardous wastes. Best management practices for regional construction would reduce the potential cumulative impacts. No hazardous materials would be anticipated under the airspace. Chaff and flare effects would be as described in Section 4.5.2. 5.1.2.6 Biological Resources The primary biological resource which could be affected by cumulative projects is the CIBW. Several past, present, and planned projects result in increased noise from construction and other sources within the Knik Arm. Cumulative direct impacts would come from regional development, including coastal zone construction and effects on intertidal and subtidal marine habitats. Indirect effects could come from human activities, including increased recreational boating and increased storm water runoff into the beluga habitat. The Knik Arm Crossing EIS identifies the main effects to CIBW to be increased commercial and residential growth in the area resulting in additional marine vessel traffic at the Port MacKenzie Dock, greater Cook Inlet Ferry use, increased vessel noise and traffic, more accidental fuel spills, increased noise from operations, and increased turbidity resulting from Page 5-7
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F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessme
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Cover Sheet ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN
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Page 91 and 92: F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessme
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Page 167 and 168: APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAL
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Alaska Department of Natural Resour
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Eklutna Native Village ATTN: Doroth
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Senator Lisa Murkowski ATTN: Karen
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Senator Lisa Murkowski ATTN: Karen
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Appendix D Aircraft Noise Analysis
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Appendix E Sec 7 (ESA) Compliance W
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SECTION 7 (ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
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not require additional construction
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Other diet items include cod, pollo
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1.5.6 Northern Sea Otter—Southwes
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Most sound is actually transmitted
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The visual experience of an F-22 ov
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Figure 2. Water Surface Area Below
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approached by projected sound level
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whale are considered to be possible
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_____. 2010c. Proposed Critical Hab
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APPENDIX 1. NOISE IMPACTS ASSESSMEN
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important in determining whether an
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SPL (dB) Frequency (Hz) Figure 2. U
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e 1 µPa, 125-130 dB re 1 µPa, and
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1.18 Appendix 1 References Blackwel
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APPENDIX 2. INFORMATION ON BELUGA W
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Delphinapterus leucas, after exposu
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F2.1 Ungulates Wild ungulates appea
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F2.2 Waterfowl and Other Waterbirds
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leaving an aircraft during training
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Cavedo, A. M., K. S. Latimer, H. L.
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Perry, E. A., D. J. Boness, and S.
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