F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment - Joint Base Elmendorf ...

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Table 3.1-2. Description of Restricted Airspace F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment 3.0 Affected Environment Restricted Altitudes Hours of Use 1 Controlling Area Minimum Maximum From To ARTCC R-2202A Surface 9,999 MSL 2 6:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. Anchorage R-2202B Surface 9,999 MSL 6:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. Anchorage R-2202C/D 10,000 MSL Unlimited By Notice to Scheduled by Airmen Agreement Anchorage R-2203A 3 Surface 11,000 MSL 5:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. Anchorage R-2203B 3 Surface 11,000 MSL 5:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. Anchorage R-2203C 3 Surface 5,000 MSL 5:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. Anchorage R-2205 Surface 20,000 MSL 6:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. Fairbanks Approach R-2206 4 Surface 8,800 MSL Continuous Continuous Anchorage R-2211 Surface 18,000 MSL 7:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. Anchorage Notes: 1. Days of use are Monday through Friday. All times are local times as normally scheduled. 2. MSL = Feet above mean sea level. 3. Ranges are not expected to be used by the F-22. 4. Not used for flight training. 3.2 Noise This section describes existing conditions in the area immediately surrounding JBER-Elmendorf (as identified by the 65 dB Day-Night Average Sound Levels [L dn]noise contour) and in military training airspace units that would be used by the additional F-22 aircraft. Noise is considered to be unwanted sound that interferes with normal activities or otherwise diminishes the quality of the environment. The noise may be intermittent or continuous, stationary or transient. Stationary sources are normally related to specific land uses, e.g., housing tracts or industrial plants. Transient noise sources move through the environment, either along established paths (e.g., highways, railroads), or randomly (e.g., an aircraft flying in a block of training airspace such as a MOA). Noise may be steady, increasing and decreasing gradually, or impulsive, increasing and decreasing suddenly (e.g., clapping or banging such as thunder or sonic booms). There is wide diversity in responses to noise that not only vary according to the type of noise and the characteristics of the sound source, but also according to the sensitivity and expectations of the receptor, the time of day, and the distance between the noise source (e.g., an aircraft) and the receptor (e.g., a person or animal). 3.2.1 Noise Characteristics and Measures The physical characteristics of noise, or sound, include its intensity, frequency, and duration. Sound is created by acoustic energy, which produces minute pressure waves that travel through a medium, like air, and are sensed by the eardrum. This may be likened to the ripples in water that would be produced when a stone is dropped into it. As the acoustic energy increases, the intensity or amplitude of these pressure waves increase, and the ear senses louder noise. Sound intensity varies widely (such as from a soft whisper to a jet engine) and is measured on a logarithmic scale to accommodate this wide range. The use of logarithms is nothing more than a mathematical tool that simplifies dealing with very large and very small numbers. For Page 3-6
F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment 3.0 Affected Environment example, the logarithm of the number 1,000,000 is 6, and the logarithm of the number 0.000001 is -6 (minus 6). Obviously, as more zeros are added before or after the decimal point, converting these numbers to their logarithms greatly simplifies calculations that use these numbers. Sound intensity in air is expressed slightly differently than sound intensity underwater. Sound intensity relates to the ratio of the pressure level that is the sound to a reference pressure level. By convention, the sound levels in air are referenced to 20 µPa (re 20 µPa) and sound levels in water are referenced to 1 µPa. In this EA, all sound levels in air can be assumed to be re 20 µPa and sound levels in water can be assumed to be re 1 µPa. The frequency of sound is measured in cycles per second, or hertz (Hz). This measurement reflects the number of times per second the air vibrates from the acoustic energy. Low frequency sounds are heard as rumbles or roars, and high frequency sounds are heard as screeches. Sound measurement is further refined through the use of “A-weighting.” The normal human ear can detect sounds that range in frequency from about 20 Hz to 15,000 Hz. However, all sounds throughout this range are not heard equally well. Therefore, through internal electronic circuitry, some sound meters are calibrated to emphasize frequencies in the 1,000 to 4,000 Hz range. The human ear is most sensitive to frequencies in this range, and sounds measured with these instruments are termed “A-weighted,” and are shown in terms of A-weighted decibels. “C-weighting” is a frequency-weighting scale which does not deemphasize low-frequency sounds as much as the A-weighting scale. C-weighting is typically used to describe impulsive sounds such as clapping, thunder, or sonic booms that are felt as well as heard. Un-weighted sound levels are typically used when the responsiveness of the noise receptor to noise is variable or not well understood. For example, un-weighted sound levels are used when assessing noise impacts on marine mammals. The duration of a noise event, and the number of times noise events occur are also important considerations in assessing noise impacts. The word “metric” is used to describe a standard of measurement. As used in environmental noise analysis, there are many different types of noise metrics. Each metric has a different physical meaning or interpretation and each metric was developed by researchers attempting to represent the effects of environmental noise. The metrics that support the assessment of noise from aircraft operations associated with the proposal include the maximum sound level (L max), the Sound Exposure Level (SEL), L dn, and the Sound Pressure Level (SPL). These metrics are discussed briefly below and in greater detail in Appendix D. 3.2.1.1 Maximum Sound Level L max defines peak noise levels. L max is the highest sound level measured during a single noise event (e.g., an aircraft overflight), and is the sound actually heard by a person on the ground. For an observer, the noise level starts at the ambient noise level, rises up to the maximum level as the aircraft flies closest to the observer, and returns to the ambient level as the aircraft recedes into the distance. In this EA, Lmax is always A-weighted, stated re 20 µPa, and used to describe sound levels in air. Page 3-7
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F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessme
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Cover Sheet ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN
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Table 5.1-1. Past, Present, and Rea
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Table 5.1-2. Past, Present, and Rea
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Appendix A Characteristics of Chaff
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APPENDIX A CHARACTERISTICS OF CHAFF
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Table 2. Characteristics of RR-188
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they demonstrate ejection of 98 per
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Appendix B Characteristics and Anal
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APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAL
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Figure 1. MJU-10/B Flare F-22 Plus-
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Flare failure would occur if the fl
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4.2 Flare Strike Risk Residual flar
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and velocity. A slug is defined as
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The S&I device maximum momentum wou
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Appendix C Public and Agency Outrea
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Senator Lisa Murkowski ATTN: Karen
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New Koliganek Village Council ATTN:
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Alaska Department of Natural Resour
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Eklutna Native Village ATTN: Doroth
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Appendix D Aircraft Noise Analysis
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Appendix E Sec 7 (ESA) Compliance W
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SECTION 7 (ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
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not require additional construction
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Other diet items include cod, pollo
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1.5.6 Northern Sea Otter—Southwes
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Most sound is actually transmitted
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The visual experience of an F-22 ov
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Figure 2. Water Surface Area Below
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approached by projected sound level
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whale are considered to be possible
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_____. 2010c. Proposed Critical Hab
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APPENDIX 1. NOISE IMPACTS ASSESSMEN
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important in determining whether an
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SPL (dB) Frequency (Hz) Figure 2. U
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e 1 µPa, 125-130 dB re 1 µPa, and
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1.18 Appendix 1 References Blackwel
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APPENDIX 2. INFORMATION ON BELUGA W
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Delphinapterus leucas, after exposu
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F2.1 Ungulates Wild ungulates appea
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F2.2 Waterfowl and Other Waterbirds
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leaving an aircraft during training
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Cavedo, A. M., K. S. Latimer, H. L.
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Perry, E. A., D. J. Boness, and S.
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