F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment - Joint Base Elmendorf ...

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leaving an aircraft during training and falling to the ground outside of a military base is estimated to be 0.01 percent (Air Force 2001). Since toxic levels would require several dud flares to fall in one confined water body, no effect of flares on water quality would be expected. Furthermore, uptake by plants would not be expected to occur. The expected frequency of an S&I device from an MJU-7 A/B or MJU-10/B flare striking an exposed animal depends on the number of flares used and the size and population density of the exposed animals. Calculations of potential strikes to a human-sized animal with a density of 50 animals per square mile, where 8,000 flares were used annually, was one strike in 200 years. An animal 1/100 th the size of a human with a density of 500 animals per square mile exposed 100 percent of the time (i.e., animals not protected by burrows or dense vegetation) would also have an expected strike rate of one in 200 years. The S&I device strikes with the force of a medium-sized hailstone. Such a strike to a bird, small mammal, or reptile could produce a mortality. The very small likelihood of such a strike, especially when compared with more immediate threats such as highways, would not be expected to have any effect on populations of small species. Strikes to larger species, such as wild ungulates or farm animals could produce a bruise and a startle reaction. Such a strike from an S&I device would not be expected to seriously injure or otherwise significantly affect natural or domestic species. Flare debris also includes aluminum-coated mylar wrapping and lighter plastic parts. The plastic parts, such as end caps, are inert and are not expected to be used by or consumed by any species. The aluminum coated wrapping, as it degrades, could produce fibrous materials similar to naturally occurring nesting materials. There is no known case of such materials being used in nest construction. In a study of pack rats (Neotoma spp.), a notorious collector of odd materials, no chaff or flare materials were found in nests on military ranges subject to decades of dispensing chaff and flares (Air Force 1997). Although lighter flare debris could be used by species under the airspace, such use would be expected to be infrequent and incidental. Bovine hardware disease is of concern for domestic cattle. Hardware disease, or traumatic reticuloperitonitis, is a relatively common disease in cattle. The disease results when a cow ingests a foreign object, typically metallic. The object can become lodged in the wall of the stomach and can penetrate into the diaphragm and heart, resulting in pain and infection; in severe cases animals can die without treatment. Treatment consists of antibiotics and/or surgery. Statistics are not readily available, but one study documented that 55-75 percent of cattle slaughtered in the eastern United States (U.S.) had metallic objects in their stomachs, but the objects did not result in damage (Moseley 2003). Dairy cattle are typically more vulnerable to hardware disease due to the confined nature of diary operations. Many livestock managers rely on magnets inserted into the cow’s stomach to prevent and treat hardware disease. The magnet attracts metallic objects, thereby preventing them from traveling to the stomach wall. The culprit of bovine hardware disease is often a nail or piece of wire greater than 1 inch in length, such as that used to bale hay (Cavedo et al. 2004). If livestock ingested residual materials of the M-206, MJU-7 A/B, and MJU-10/B flares, the plastic materials of the end cap and slider and the flexible aluminum wrapping would be less likely to result in injury than a metallic object. Flares used for training by F-22 and F-15 aircraft are designed to burn out within approximately 400 feet of the release altitude. Given the minimum allowable release altitudes for flares, this Page F-6 F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment Appendix F Aircraft Noise, Chaff, and Flares
leaves an extensive safety margin to prevent any burning materials from reaching the ground (Air Force 2001). In the Alaska training airspace, flares must be released above 5,000 feet AGL from June 1 to September 30 to reduce any potential of a flare-caused fire. For the remainder of the year when soils and vegetation are moist or snow covered, flares can be released above 2,000 feet AGL. Plastic and aluminum coated wrapping materials from flares that do reach the ground would be inert. The percentage of flares that malfunction is small (
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F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessme
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Cover Sheet ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN
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Page 2-13 Table 2.2-3. Baseline and
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Page 3-51 Table 3.8-1. Special Use
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Table 5.1-1. Past, Present, and Rea
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Table 5.1-2. Past, Present, and Rea
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Appendix A Characteristics of Chaff
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APPENDIX A CHARACTERISTICS OF CHAFF
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Table 2. Characteristics of RR-188
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they demonstrate ejection of 98 per
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Appendix B Characteristics and Anal
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APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAL
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Figure 1. MJU-10/B Flare F-22 Plus-
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Flare failure would occur if the fl
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4.2 Flare Strike Risk Residual flar
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and velocity. A slug is defined as
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The S&I device maximum momentum wou
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Appendix C Public and Agency Outrea
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Senator Lisa Murkowski ATTN: Karen
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New Koliganek Village Council ATTN:
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Alaska Department of Natural Resour
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Eklutna Native Village ATTN: Doroth
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Appendix D Aircraft Noise Analysis
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Appendix E Sec 7 (ESA) Compliance W
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SECTION 7 (ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
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not require additional construction
Page 267 and 268: Other diet items include cod, pollo
Page 269 and 270: 1.5.6 Northern Sea Otter—Southwes
Page 271 and 272: Most sound is actually transmitted
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Page 283 and 284: approached by projected sound level
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Page 287 and 288: _____. 2010c. Proposed Critical Hab
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX 1. NOISE IMPACTS ASSESSMEN
Page 291 and 292: important in determining whether an
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Page 295 and 296: e 1 µPa, 125-130 dB re 1 µPa, and
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Page 301 and 302: Delphinapterus leucas, after exposu
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Page 314 and 315: F2.1 Ungulates Wild ungulates appea
Page 316 and 317: F2.2 Waterfowl and Other Waterbirds
Page 320 and 321: Cavedo, A. M., K. S. Latimer, H. L.
Page 322 and 323: Perry, E. A., D. J. Boness, and S.
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