F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment - Joint Base Elmendorf ...

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F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment Appendix D Aircraft Noise Analysis and Airspace Operation The most common uses of the fast or slow sound level in environmental analysis is in the discussion of the maximum sound level that occurs from the action, and in discussions of typical sound levels. Figure D-1 is a chart of A-weighted sound levels from typical sounds. Some (air conditioner, vacuum cleaner) are continuous sounds whose levels are constant for some time. Some (automobile, heavy truck) are the maximum sound during a vehicle passby. Some (urban daytime, urban nighttime) are averages over some extended period. A variety of noise metrics have been developed to describe noise over different time periods. These are described in section 1.2. D1.1 Noise Metrics D1.1.1 Maximum Sound Level The highest A-weighted sound level measured during a single event in which the sound level changes value as time goes on (e.g., an aircraft overflight) is called the maximum A-weighted sound level or maximum sound level, for short. It is usually abbreviated by ALM, L max , or L Amax . The maximum sound level is important in judging the interference caused by a noise event with conversation, TV or radio listening, sleeping, or other common activities. D1.1.2 Peak Sound Level For impulsive sounds, the true instantaneous sound pressure is of interest. For sonic booms, this is the peak pressure of the shock wave, as described in section 3.2 of this appendix. This pressure is usually presented in physical units of pounds per square foot. Sometimes it is represented on the decibel scale, with symbol L pk . Peak sound levels do not use either A or C weighting. D1.1.3 Sound Exposure Level Individual time-varying noise events have two main characteristics: a sound level that changes throughout the event and a period of time during which the event is heard. Although the maximum sound level, described above, provides some measure of the intrusiveness of the event, it alone does not completely describe the total event. The period of time during which the sound is heard is also significant. The Sound Exposure Level (abbreviated SEL or L AE for A-weighted sounds) combines both of these characteristics into a single metric. SEL is a composite metric that represents both the intensity of a sound and its duration. Mathematically, the mean square sound pressure is computed over the duration of the event, then multiplied by the duration in seconds, and the resultant product is turned into a sound level. It does not directly represent the sound level heard at any given time, but rather provides a measure of the net impact of the entire acoustic event. It has been well established in the scientific community that SEL measures this impact much more reliably than just the maximum sound level. Because the SEL and the maximum sound level are both used to describe single events, there is sometimes confusion between the two, so the specific metric used should be clearly stated. Page D-4
F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment Appendix D Aircraft Noise Analysis and Airspace Operations COMMON SOUND LEVEL LOUDNESS SOUNDS dB – Compared to 70 dB – — 130 Oxygen Torch — 120 UNCOMFORTABLE —— 32 Times as Loud Discotheque — 110 —— 16 Times as Loud Textile Mill — 100 VERY LOUD Heavy Truck at 50 Feet — 90 —— 4 Times as Loud Garbage Disposal — 80 Vacuum Cleaner at 10 Feet — 70 Automobile at 100 Feet Air Conditioner at 100 Feet — 60 MODERATE • Quiet Urban Daytime — 50 —— 1/4 as Loud QUIET Quiet Urban Nighttime — 40 Bedroom at Night — 30 —— 1/16 as Loud Recording Studio — 20 — 10 JUST AUDIBLE Threshold of Hearing — 0 Source: Handbook of Noise Control, C.M. Harris, Editor, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1979, and FICON 1992. Figure D-1. Typical A-Weighted Sound Levels of Common Sounds D1.1.4 Equivalent Sound Level SEL can be computed for C-weighted levels (appropriate for impulsive sounds), and the results denoted CSEL or L CE . SEL for A-weighted sound is sometimes denoted ASEL. Within this study, SEL is used for A-weighted sounds and CSEL for C-weighted. For longer periods of time, total sound is represented by the equivalent continuous sound pressure level (L eq ). L eq is the average sound level over some time period (often an hour or a day, but any explicit time span can be specified), with the averaging being done on the same Page D-5
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Cover Sheet ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN
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Page 3-51 Table 3.8-1. Special Use
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Table 5.1-1. Past, Present, and Rea
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Appendix A Characteristics of Chaff
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APPENDIX A CHARACTERISTICS OF CHAFF
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Table 2. Characteristics of RR-188
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they demonstrate ejection of 98 per
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Appendix B Characteristics and Anal
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APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAL
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Figure 1. MJU-10/B Flare F-22 Plus-
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Flare failure would occur if the fl
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4.2 Flare Strike Risk Residual flar
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and velocity. A slug is defined as
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The S&I device maximum momentum wou
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Appendix C Public and Agency Outrea
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Page 184: Senator Lisa Murkowski ATTN: Karen
Page 187: New Koliganek Village Council ATTN:
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Page 213 and 214: Eklutna Native Village ATTN: Doroth
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Page 218 and 219: Senator Lisa Murkowski ATTN: Karen
Page 220 and 221: Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Page 227 and 228: Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
Page 229 and 230: Appendix D Aircraft Noise Analysis
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whale are considered to be possible
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_____. 2010c. Proposed Critical Hab
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APPENDIX 1. NOISE IMPACTS ASSESSMEN
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important in determining whether an
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SPL (dB) Frequency (Hz) Figure 2. U
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e 1 µPa, 125-130 dB re 1 µPa, and
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1.18 Appendix 1 References Blackwel
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APPENDIX 2. INFORMATION ON BELUGA W
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Delphinapterus leucas, after exposu
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F2.1 Ungulates Wild ungulates appea
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F2.2 Waterfowl and Other Waterbirds
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leaving an aircraft during training
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Cavedo, A. M., K. S. Latimer, H. L.
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Perry, E. A., D. J. Boness, and S.
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