F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment - Joint Base Elmendorf ...

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F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment 3.0 Affected Environment have extensive flare use over decades demonstrate the dud flare rates to be an estimated 0.01 percent of flares deployed. A dud flare is extremely unlikely to be found on the ground. Finding a dud flare would be even less likely, and a person being seriously injured by a falling dud flare is so unlikely as to be nearly impossible (see Appendix B). Concerns have also been expressed that a flare has the potential to start a fire if a flare were still burning when it hit the ground. As described in Chapter 2.0, flares burn out in approximately 400 feet. Air Force altitude restrictions for flare use in Alaskan MOA airspace (above 5,000 feet AGL June – September and above 2,000 feet AGL for the rest of the year) substantially reduce any risk of a fire from training with defensive flares. 3.4 Air Quality This section discusses air quality considerations and conditions in the area around JBER near Anchorage, Alaska. It addresses air quality standards, describes current air quality conditions in the region, and presents the environmental consequences to JBER. Air quality is determined by the type and concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere, the size and topography of the air basin, and local and regional meteorological influences. The significance of a pollutant concentration in a region or geographical area is determined by comparing it to federal and/or state ambient air quality standards. Under the authority of the CAA, USEPA has established nationwide air quality standards to protect public health and welfare, with an adequate margin of safety. These federal standards, known as NAAQS, represent the maximum allowable atmospheric concentrations and were developed for six “criteria” pollutants: O 3, NO 2, CO, respirable particulate matter less than or equal to PM 10, SO 2, and Pb. The NAAQS are defined in terms of concentration (e.g., parts per million [ppm] or micrograms per cubic meter [µg/m 3 ]) determined over various periods of time (averaging periods). Short-term standards (1-hour, 8-hour, or 24-hour periods) were established for pollutants with acute health effects and may not be exceeded more than once a year. Long-term standards (annual periods) were established for pollutants with chronic health effects and may never be exceeded. Based on measured ambient criteria pollutant data, the USEPA designates areas of the U.S. as having air quality equal to or better than the NAAQS (attainment) or worse than the NAAQS (nonattainment). Upon achieving attainment, areas are considered to be in maintenance status for a period of ten or more years. Areas are designated as unclassifiable for a pollutant when there is insufficient ambient air quality data for the USEPA to form a basis of attainment status. For the purpose of applying air quality regulations, unclassifiable areas are treated similar to areas that are in attainment of the NAAQS. Under the CAA, state and local agencies may establish ambient air quality standards and regulations of their own, provided that these are at least as stringent as the federal requirements. The State of Alaska air quality standards are presented in Table 3-4-1. For non-attainment regions, the states are required to develop a SIP designed to eliminate or reduce the severity and number of NAAQS violations, with an underlying goal to bring state air quality conditions into (and maintain) compliance with the NAAQS by specific deadlines. The Page 3-26
F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment 3.0 Affected Environment SIP is the primary means for the implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of the measures needed to attain and maintain the NAAQS in each state. Table 3-4-1. Alaska Ambient Air Quality Standards (18 AAC 50.010) Parameter 1-hour 3-hour 8-hour 24-hour Quarterly Annual (mg/m 3 ) (ppm) (mg/m 3 ) (ppm) (mg/m 3 ) (ppm) (mg/m 3 ) (ppm) (mg/m 3 ) (mg/m 3 ) (ppm) Ammonia (NH 3) 2.1 3.0 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2 40 35 10 9.0 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2) 0.100 0.053 4 th high 3-yr Ozone (O 3) annual avg. 0.041 0.041 Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2) 196 0.02 1.300 0.497 0.365 0.139 0.080 0.031 (mg/m 3 ) 3-year 98% (mg/m 3 ) (mg/m 3 ) Lead (Pb) 1.5* PM 10 150 PM 25 35 15 Notes: 1. PPM and 24 hour not applicable after August 23, 2011 2. National Standards Source: Alaska State Air Quality Control Plan Amendments Volume II August 20, 2010 (ADEC 2010) CAA Section 169A established the additional goal of prevention of further visibility impairment in Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Class I areas. Visibility impairment is defined as a reduction in the visual range, and atmospheric discoloration. Determination of the significance of an activity on visibility in a PSD Class I area can be associated with stationary or mobile source contributions. Emission levels are used to qualitatively assess potential impairment to visibility in PSD Class I areas. Decreased visibility may potentially result from elevated concentrations of PM 10 and SO 2 in the lower atmosphere. CAA Section 176(c), General Conformity, established certain statutory requirements for federal agencies with proposed federal activities to demonstrate conformity of the proposed activities with each state’s SIP for attainment of the NAAQS. General conformity applies only to nonattainment and maintenance areas. If the emissions from a federal action proposed in a nonattainment area exceed annual thresholds identified in the rule, a conformity determination is required of that action. The thresholds become more restrictive as the severity of the nonattainment status of the region increases. In Alaska, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation has primary jurisdiction over air quality and stationary source emissions at JBER. Title V of the CAA Amendments of 1990 requires states to issue Federal Operating Permits for major stationary sources. A major stationary source in an attainment or maintenance area is a facility (i.e., plant, base, or activity) that emits more than 100 tons per year (TPY) of any one criteria air pollutant, 10 TPY of a hazardous air pollutant, or 25 TPY of any combination of hazardous air pollutants. Thresholds are lower for pollutants for which a region is in nonattainment status. The purpose of the Page 3-27
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F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessme
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Cover Sheet ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN
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Table 5.1-1. Past, Present, and Rea
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Appendix A Characteristics of Chaff
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APPENDIX A CHARACTERISTICS OF CHAFF
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Table 2. Characteristics of RR-188
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they demonstrate ejection of 98 per
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Appendix B Characteristics and Anal
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APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAL
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Figure 1. MJU-10/B Flare F-22 Plus-
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Flare failure would occur if the fl
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4.2 Flare Strike Risk Residual flar
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and velocity. A slug is defined as
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The S&I device maximum momentum wou
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Appendix C Public and Agency Outrea
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Senator Lisa Murkowski ATTN: Karen
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New Koliganek Village Council ATTN:
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Alaska Department of Natural Resour
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Eklutna Native Village ATTN: Doroth
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Appendix D Aircraft Noise Analysis
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Appendix E Sec 7 (ESA) Compliance W
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SECTION 7 (ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
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not require additional construction
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Other diet items include cod, pollo
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1.5.6 Northern Sea Otter—Southwes
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Most sound is actually transmitted
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The visual experience of an F-22 ov
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Figure 2. Water Surface Area Below
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approached by projected sound level
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whale are considered to be possible
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_____. 2010c. Proposed Critical Hab
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APPENDIX 1. NOISE IMPACTS ASSESSMEN
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important in determining whether an
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SPL (dB) Frequency (Hz) Figure 2. U
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e 1 µPa, 125-130 dB re 1 µPa, and
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1.18 Appendix 1 References Blackwel
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APPENDIX 2. INFORMATION ON BELUGA W
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Delphinapterus leucas, after exposu
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F2.1 Ungulates Wild ungulates appea
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F2.2 Waterfowl and Other Waterbirds
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leaving an aircraft during training
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Cavedo, A. M., K. S. Latimer, H. L.
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Perry, E. A., D. J. Boness, and S.
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