F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment - Joint Base Elmendorf ...

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subject experienced a 7-dB MTTS after exposure to a 10-kHz tone of 192 dB re 1 µPa. Both subjects had MTTSs of 6–12 dB following 20-kHz tones at levels between 197 to 201 dB re 1 µPa. Neither subject experienced an MTTS after exposure to 0.4 kHz tones up to 193 dB re 1 µPa. Deviations in the whales’ trained behaviors were observed following exposures that ranged from 180-196 dB re 1 µPa at all four exposure frequencies. Appendix 2 References Anderson W.B. (1974) Acoustic signature of the beluga whale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 55. Au W.W.L., Carder C.A., Penner R.H., Scronce B.L. 1985. Demonstration of adaptation in beluga whale echolocation signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77:726-730. Awbrey F.T., Thomas J.A., Kastelein R.A. 1988. Low-frequency underwater hearing sensitivity in belugas, Delphinapterus leucas. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84:2273- 2275. Belikov R.A., Bel’kovich V.M. 2007. Whistles of beluga whales in the reproductive gathering off Solovetskii Island in the White Sea. Acoustical Physics 53:528–534. Finneran J.J., Carder D.A., Ridgway S.H. 2002. Low-frequency acoustic pressure, velocity, and intensity thresholds in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111:447-456. Finneran J.J., Dear R., Carder D.A., Belting T., McBain J., Dalton L., Ridgway S.H. 2005. Pure tone audiograms and possible aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117:3936-3943. Fish M.P., Mowbray W.H. 1962. Production of underwater sound by the White Whale or Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas (Pallus). Journal of Marine Research 20:149-161. Ford J. 1975. Sound Production by the Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus leucas, in captivity. Klishin V.O., Popov V.V., Supin A.Y. 2000. Hearing capabilities of a beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas. Aquatic Mammals 26:212-228. Popov V.V., Supin A.Y. 1987. Characteristics of hearing in the beluga Delphinapterus leucas. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 294:1255-1258. Ridgway S.H., Carder D.A., Kamolnick T., Smith R.R., Schlundt C.E., Elsberry W.R. 2001. Hearing and whistling in the deep sea: depth influences whistle spectra but does not attenuate hearing by white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) (Odontoceti, Cetacea). The Journal of Experimental Biology 204:3829-3841. Schlundt C.E., Finneran J.J., Carder D.A., Ridgway S.H. 2000. Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, and white whales, Wildlife Analysis Page A2-2 F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment
Delphinapterus leucas, after exposure to intense tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107:3496-3508. Sjare B.L., Smith T.G. 1986a. The vocal repertoire of white whales, Delphinapterus leucas, summering in Cunningham Inlet, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:407-415. _____.1986b. The relationship between behavioral activity and underwater vocalizations of the white whale, Delphinapterus leucus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:2824-2831. Thomson D.H., Richardson W.J. 1995. Marine mammal sounds, in: W. J. Richardson, et al. (Eds.), Marine Mammals and Noise, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 159-204. Van Parijs S.M., Lydersen C., Kovacs K.M. 2003. Sounds produced by individual white whales, Delphinapterus leucas, from Svalbard during capture (L). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113:57-60. White M.J., Norris J., Ljungblad D.K., Baron K., di Sciara G.N. 1978. Auditory thresholds of two beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), Hubbs Sea World Research Institute, San Diego. F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessment Wildlife Analysis Page A2-3
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F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessme
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Cover Sheet ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMEN
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Page 2-13 Table 2.2-3. Baseline and
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Page 3-51 Table 3.8-1. Special Use
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Table 5.1-1. Past, Present, and Rea
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Appendix A Characteristics of Chaff
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APPENDIX A CHARACTERISTICS OF CHAFF
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Table 2. Characteristics of RR-188
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they demonstrate ejection of 98 per
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Appendix B Characteristics and Anal
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APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAL
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Figure 1. MJU-10/B Flare F-22 Plus-
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Flare failure would occur if the fl
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4.2 Flare Strike Risk Residual flar
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and velocity. A slug is defined as
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The S&I device maximum momentum wou
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Appendix C Public and Agency Outrea
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Senator Lisa Murkowski ATTN: Karen
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New Koliganek Village Council ATTN:
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Alaska Department of Natural Resour
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Eklutna Native Village ATTN: Doroth
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Village of Stony River ATTN: Mary W
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Appendix D Aircraft Noise Analysis
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Page 249 and 250: F-22 Plus-Up Environmental Assessme
Page 261 and 262: Appendix E Sec 7 (ESA) Compliance W
Page 263 and 264: SECTION 7 (ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT)
Page 265 and 266: not require additional construction
Page 267 and 268: Other diet items include cod, pollo
Page 269 and 270: 1.5.6 Northern Sea Otter—Southwes
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Page 273 and 274: The visual experience of an F-22 ov
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Page 285 and 286: whale are considered to be possible
Page 287 and 288: _____. 2010c. Proposed Critical Hab
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX 1. NOISE IMPACTS ASSESSMEN
Page 291 and 292: important in determining whether an
Page 293 and 294: SPL (dB) Frequency (Hz) Figure 2. U
Page 295 and 296: e 1 µPa, 125-130 dB re 1 µPa, and
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Page 314 and 315: F2.1 Ungulates Wild ungulates appea
Page 316 and 317: F2.2 Waterfowl and Other Waterbirds
Page 318 and 319: leaving an aircraft during training
Page 320 and 321: Cavedo, A. M., K. S. Latimer, H. L.
Page 322 and 323: Perry, E. A., D. J. Boness, and S.
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