TITRE Adaptive Packet Video Streaming Over IP Networks - LaBRI

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H.261 is called video codec for audiovisual services at p * 64 kbit/s (know also as p64 algorithm) [14]. This ITU-T recommendation was developed to target a constant bit rate videophone, videoconference and other audiovisual services over ISDN. The H.261 model consists of five stages: a motion compensation stage, a transformation stage, a lossy quantization stage, and two lossless coding stages. The coding algorithm is a hybrid of inter-picture prediction, transform coding, and motion compensation. The H.261 specification is already implemented in several telecommunications devices and is integrated onto custom chips by several manufacturers. The difference between H.261 and MPEG-1 algorithm is in the bit-rate. MPEG-1 was not designed for packet video streaming. It has a bit rates–0.9 Mbps to 1.5 Mbps and consequently achieves higher quality than H.261. 3.2.1.1.3 H.263 and H.263+ H.263 is a recommendation that specifies a coded representation that can be used for compressing moving picture at low bit rates [16]. The basic configuration of the video source coding algorithm is based on ITU-T recommendation H.261. H.263 differs from H.261 recommendation in the flowing. Half pixel precision is used for the motion compensation compared to full pixel precision. In addition to the core H.263 coding algorithm, four negotiable coding options are included to improve performance. All these options can be used together or separately. These options are: Unrestricted Motion Vector mode, Syntax-based Arithmetic Coding mode, and Advanced Prediction mode and PB-frames mode. H.263 supports five resolutions. In addition to CIF (352 x 288) and QCIF (176 x 144) that were supported by H.261, there is sub- QCIF (128 x 96), 4CIF (704 x 576), and 16CIF (1408 x 1152). H.263+ was formally known as H.263v2 [17]. This codec enhances H.263 codec by adding new types of options which are scalability pictures, improved PB frames, custom source formats, and nine new coding modes. 3.2.1.1.4 MPEG-1, MPEG-2(H.262) and MPEG-4 Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) was created to develop video packing standards. At the moment there are three MPEG-standards available and two on the process: MPEG-1 (ISO- 11172) [18], MPEG-2 (ISO-13818) [15] and MPEG-4 (ISO-14496) [19]. The ISO/ IEC IEC13818 namely MPEG-2 is known also as ITU-T recommendation H.262, This recommendation is designed for high definition video quality [15]. Also multimedia document description interface MPEG-7 (ISO-15938) [20] and frame of reference standard MPEG-21 (ISO-18034) [21] is under development. MPEG-1, 2 and 4 are currently the wide well known codec in the word. Thanks to MPEG standards that Digital Television is now possible. The first standard developed by MPEG committee is MPEG-1 codec. This codec targets a bit storage rate of 0.9 - 1.5 Mbps offering VHS quality at CIF resolution and 30 frames per second. MPEG-1 is not adapted for transmission over loosely packet switching environment such as IP, due to the dependencies present in the P (Predicted) and B (bi-directional predicted) frames. For this reason, MPEG-1 does not offer resolution scalability and the video quality is highly vulnerable to packet losses. 40
MPEG-2 extends MPEG-1 by including support for higher resolution video and many others capabilities. It is designed for Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) and high quality digital video storage (DVD). The target bit rate for MPEG-2 is 4 -5 Mbps. Capabilities introduced in MPEG-2 concern essentially the scalability. Three types of scalability are proposed: Spatial scalability allows the decoder to treat a subset of streams produced by the coder to rebuild and display video with a reduced space resolution. Temporal scalability allows the decoder to treat a subset of streams produced by the coder to rebuild and display a video with reduced temporal resolution. With SNR Scalability (Signal to Noise Ratio), the coder transmits the difference between the original image and the preceding. This allows improving subjective quality of the final image to get maximum quality. However, MPEG-2 was not designed for transmission over IP due to bandwidth consumption. Figure 3-7 presents the hierarchical organization of an MPEG-2 video sequence. Video sequence VS0 Group of pictures GOP0 GOP1 Picture Slice S0 P0 S1 P1 Macroblock MB0 MB1 Block B0 B1 Figure 3-7: Hierarchical organization of MPEG-2 data stream MPEG-4 standard [22][23][24] is an emerging digital multimedia standard with associated protocols for representing, manipulating and transporting natural and synthetic multimedia content (i.e. audio, video and data) over a broad range of communication infrastructures including IP and ATM . The original characteristic of MPEG-4 is to provide an integrated object-oriented representation of multimedia content for the support of new ways of communication, access, and interaction with digital audiovisual data, and offering a common technical solution to various telecommunications, broadcast, and interactive services. MPEG-4 addressed a broad range of existing and emerging multimedia applications such as multimedia broadcasting, content-based audiovisual database access, games, audiovisual home editing, advanced audiovisual communications and video over mobile networks. The MPEG-4 standard introduces a new technique of coding multimedia scenes called “object-based video coding”. This technique allows the encoding of different audio-visual objects in the scene independently. An MPEG-4 scene consists of one or more Audio Visual Object (AVO), each of them is characterized by temporal and spatial information. The hierarchical composition of an MPEG-4 scene is depicted in Figure 3-8. Each audio visual object may be encoded in a scalable (multi-layer) or non scalable (single layer) form. A layer is composed of a sequence of a Group of Video-Object-Plane (GOV). A Video Object Plane (VOP) is similar to the MPEG-2 frame. VOP supports intra coded (I-VOP) temporally predicted (P-VOP) and bi directionally predicted (B-VOP). 41
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UNIVERSITÉ DE VERSAILLES SAINT-QUE
Page 4 and 5:
Résumé Nous constatons aujourd’
Page 6 and 7: 3 Related Work ....................
Page 8 and 9: 5.5.1.2 Simulation Results.........
Page 10 and 11: List of Figures Figure 1-1: Structu
Page 12 and 13: Figure 5-15: End-to-end packet tran
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgments The first person I
Page 16 and 17: [11] Toufik Ahmed, Guillaume Burida
Page 18 and 19: d’accès. Les interactions de QoS
Page 20 and 21: Métrique MAX_DELAY PREF_MAX_DELAY
Page 22 and 23: 1.1.2 Proposition dun Protocole d'E
Page 24 and 25: des paquets RTP. Reste toujours le
Page 26 and 27: Nous pouvons distinguer trois possi
Page 28 and 29: 1.1.2.5.2 Multiplexage des Flux El
Page 30 and 31: l’horloge est par défaut égale
Page 32 and 33: La valeur R TCP représente le déb
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Page 36 and 37: Telles que illustrés par la Figure
Page 38 and 39: 3. DMIF2SIP vérifie si son propre
Page 40 and 41: utilisée optionnellement pour loca
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 2 Introduction 2.1 Motiva
Page 44 and 45: conditions. Based on end-to-end fee
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 3 3 Related Work Nowadays,
Page 48 and 49: • multicasting: it takes the stre
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Page 52 and 53: 3.1.6 Static vs. Dynamic Channels T
Page 54 and 55: environment because they require a
Page 58 and 59: VideoScene (VS) VideoObject (VO) Vi
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Page 62 and 63: Temporal scalability involves parti
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Page 72 and 73: epresent user traffic. The delay ca
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Page 76 and 77: two H.323 endpoints or between an e
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 4 4 Adaptive Packet Video T
Page 81 and 82: 4.1.1 Video Classification Model Pr
Page 83 and 84: attributes can refer to the QoS par
Page 85 and 86: In RBF, 2 D = X − is the distance
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4-6: Experiment testbed In t
Page 89 and 90: 190 180 170 End-to-end delay MPEG-4
Page 91 and 92: Sync Layer. The SL-packetized strea
Page 93 and 94: conveyed by MIME format parameters
Page 95 and 96: the same value. This timing informa
Page 97 and 98: 4.2.2.1 Fragmentation We propose to
Page 99 and 100: Timestamp: Indicates the sampling i
Page 101 and 102: When G is used as generator matrix,
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.3 Performance Evaluation Intens
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lost packet at the receiver. Conseq
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marking scheme. The server must be
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The video server adds audio-visual
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Marker (TR3CM) [131] to mark the ba
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VO1 VO2 AVO Scenario Audio BL EL1 E
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Throughput (Kbits) 3000 2500 2000 1
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Throughput (Kbits) 3000 2500 2000 1
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4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
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45 40 Original Quality Received Qua
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Chapter 5 5 A Dynamic Packet Video
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The TCM algorithm is based on a tok
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BEGIN Initialize the classification
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User Profile (Token Bucket) Traffic
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5.3.3 QoS Management Algorithm Spec
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Figure 5-7: Hierarchical aggregatio
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• Filters: to put packets into cl
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mechanism associated with the Drop
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Figure 5-16: Packets loss with IP D
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5.5.2.3 Experimental Results Figure
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1 MPEG-4 Based Layer Stream -AF11 M
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0.2 0.18 MPEG-4 Based Layer Stream
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By using our PBNM tool, we allocate
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Id Condition Indicator Action 1 Net
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The proposed marking algorithm bett
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Chapter 6 6 A SIP/MPEG-4 Multimedia
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performed by many ways like SLA (Se
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6.1.1.4 SIP Communication Model SIP
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• It assign a value (network sess
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6.2.1 SIP2DMIF Subsystem The SIP2DM
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Step 1: The MPEG-4 Terminal passes
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1. Set the result C to the empty se
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TCP/UDP port, our implementation us
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Control & Data Plan Video Rate Cont
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characteristics and relevance of ea
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References [1] Kazaa Media Desktop
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[43] B. Schuster, “Fine granular
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[79] D. Bansal and H. Balakrishnan,
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[115] N. Laoutaris, I. Stavrakakis,
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[154] W. Almesberger, J. H. Salim,
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Appendix A A Appendix A: Overview o
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Media aware Delivery unaware ISO/IE
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A.3.3 Scene Description Streams Sce
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This appendix presents structure ex
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