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Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Medulla oblongata Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Internal carotid nerve Vagus nerve (X) Parotid gland Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Heart Cervical sympathetic ganglia Striated muscle Sweat glands Thoracic part of spinal cord Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans Celiac ganglion Hair follicles Peripheral arteries Upper lumbar part of spinal cord (L1-2 [3]) Superior mesenteric ganglion Suprarenal gland Visceral arteries Gastrointestinal tract Inferior mesenteric ganglion Sacral part of spinal cord Pelvic splanchnic nerves C Cholinergic synapses A Adrenergic synapses Urinary bladder Urethra Prostate Sympathetic fibers Presynaptic Postsynaptic Parasympathetic fibers Presynaptic Postsynaptic Somatic fibers Antidromic conduction © FIGURE 2.16 CHOLINERGIC AND ADRENERGIC SYNAPSES: SCHEMA • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a two-neuron chain, with the preganglionic neuron arising from the central nervous system and synapsing on a postganglionic neuron located in a peripheral autonomic ganglion. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. The parasympathetic division of the ANS releases acetylcholine at its postganglionic synapses and is characterized as having cholinergic (C) effects, whereas the sympathetic division releases predominantly noradrenaline (norepinephrine) at its postganglionic synapses, causing adrenergic (A) effects (except on sweat glands, where acetylcholine is released). Although acetylcholine and noradrenaline are the chief transmitter substances, other neuroactive peptides often are colocalized with them and include such substances as gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA), substance P, enkephalins, histamine, glutamic acid, neuropeptide Y, and others. 67
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Hypothalamus Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Fornix Corpus callosum Medial forebrain bundle Lateral preoptic nucleus Anterior commissure Medial preoptic nucleus From Thalamus hippocampal formation Interthalamic Lateral adhesion hypothalamic area Paraventricular nucleus Anterior hypothalamic area Dorsal hypothalamic area Dorsomedial nucleus Mamillothalamic tract Posterior area Periventricular nucleus Nucleus intercalatus Olfactory tract Optic (II) nerve Optic chiasm Anterior lobe of pituitary Fornix Ventromedial nucleus Mamillary complex Tuberohypophyseal tract Red nucleus Oculomotor (III) nerve Supraoptic nucleus Supraopticohypophyseal tract Posterior lobe of pituitary Cerebral peduncle Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Descending hypothalamic connections Pons Reticular formation © CHART 2.3 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS Hypothalamic Area Preoptic and anterior Posterior Lateral Ventromedial Supraoptic (subfornical organ and organum vasculosum) Paraventricular Periventricular *Stimulation of the center causes the responses listed. Major Functions* Heat loss center: cutaneous vasodilation and sweating Heat conservation center: cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering Feeding center: eating behavior Satiety center: inhibits eating behavior ADH and oxytocin secretion (sensation of thirst) ADH and oxytocin secretion Releasing hormones for the anterior pituitary FIGURE 2.17 SCHEMATIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS • The hypothalamus, part of the diencephalon, controls a number of important homeostatic systems within the body, including temperature regulation, food intake, water intake, many of the endocrine systems (see Chapter 8), motivation, and emotional behavior. It receives inputs from the reticular formation (sleep/wake cycle information), the thalamus (pain), the limbic system (emotion, fear, anger, smell), the medulla oblongata (blood pressure and heart rate), and the optic system, and it integrates these inputs for regulation of the functions listed. 68
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Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophys
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Foreword Frank Netter: The Physicia
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Part 1 Neuroanatomy Cerebrum—Medi
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Cerebrum: Inferior View NEUROANATOM
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Thalamus NEUROANATOMY Interventricu
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Brainstem NEUROANATOMY Posterolater
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Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
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Arteries to Brain: Schema NEUROANAT
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Cerebral Arterial Circle (Willis) N
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Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medi
Page 22 and 23: Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa NE
Page 24 and 25: Subependymal Veins of Brain NEUROAN
Page 26 and 27: Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus
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Page 30 and 31: Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema NEUROAN
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Page 34 and 35: Facial Nerve (VII): Schema NEUROANA
Page 36 and 37: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
Page 38 and 39: Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
Page 40 and 41: Nerves of Heart NEUROANATOMY Superi
Page 42 and 43: Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum NEUR
Page 44 and 45: Nerves of Small Intestine NEUROANAT
Page 46 and 47: Nerves of Kidneys, Ureters and Urin
Page 48 and 49: Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Female NE
Page 50 and 51: Ulnar Nerve NEUROANATOMY Anterior v
Page 52 and 53: Radial Nerve in Forearm NEUROANATOM
Page 54 and 55: Tibial Nerve NEUROANATOMY Tibial ne
Page 56 and 57: Part 2 Neurophysiology Organization
Page 58 and 59: Organization of the Brain: Cell Typ
Page 60 and 61: Synaptic Transmission: Morphology o
Page 62 and 63: Synaptic Transmission: Visceral Eff
Page 64 and 65: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Syn
Page 66 and 67: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Brain Ve
Page 68 and 69: Spinal Cord: Ventral Rami NEUROPHYS
Page 70 and 71: Peripheral Nervous System NEUROPHYS
Page 74 and 75: Limbic System NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Genu
Page 76 and 77: Descending Motor Pathways NEUROPHYS
Page 78 and 79: Cerebellum: Efferent Pathways NEURO
Page 80 and 81: Cutaneous Receptors: Pacinian Corpu
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Page 86 and 87: Sensory Pathways: II NEUROPHYSIOLOG
Page 88 and 89: Visual System: Receptors NEUROPHYSI
Page 90 and 91: Auditory System: Cochlea NEUROPHYSI
Page 92 and 93: Vestibular System: Receptors NEUROP
Page 94 and 95: Gustatory (Taste) System: Receptors
Page 96 and 97: Olfactory System: Receptors NEUROPH
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