Neuro Atlas

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Visual System: Receptors NEUROPHYSIOLOGY A. Eyeball Suspensory ligament Iris Lens Cornea Ciliary body B. Section through retina Inner limiting membrane Axons at surface of retina passing via optic nerve, chiasm, and tract to lateral geniculate body Ora serrata Anterior chamber Posterior chamber containing aqueous humor Vitreous humor Retina Choroid Sclera Fovea Optic nerve Ganglion cell Müller cell (supporting glial cell) Amacrine cell Bipolar cell Horizontal cell Rod Cone Pigment cells of choroid Synaptic ending depolarized C. Rod in dark D. Rod in light Synaptic ending fully polarized Synaptic bar Photons of light Nucleus Rhodopsin Lumirhodopsin Current flow Na + permeability increased Retinene + Opsin Vitamin A Metabolic energy Circulation Metarhodopsin Retinene + Opsin Vitamin A Centriole (basal body) Na + permeability decreased © FIGURE 2.32 VISUAL RECEPTORS • The rods and cones of the retina transduce light into electrical signals. As illustrated for the rod, light is absorbed by rhodopsin, and through the second messenger cGMP (not shown), Na channels in the membrane close and the cell hyperpolarizes. Thus, in the dark the cell is depolarized, but it is hyperpolarized in the light. This electrical response to light is distinct from other receptor responses, in which the response to a stimulus results in a depolarization of the receptor cell membrane. 83
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Visual System: Visual Pathway G A B H G B A H Overlapping visual fields Central darker circle represents macular zone Lightest shades represent monocular fields Each quadrant a different color R R C C Projection on left retina Projection on right retina P P Choroid Choroid Periphery Macula Structure of retina (schematic): A Amacrine cells B Bipolar cells C Cones G Ganglion cells H Horizontal cells P Pigment cells R Rods Projection on left dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus Optic (II) nerves Optic chiasm Optic tracts Lateral geniculate bodies Projection on right dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus Calcarine fissure Projection on left occipital lobe Projection on right occipital lobe © FIGURE 2.33 RETINOGENICULOSTRIATE VISUAL PATHWAY • The retina has two types of photoreceptors: cones that mediate color vision and rods that mediate light perception but with low acuity. The greatest acuity is found in the region of the macula of the retina, where only cones are found (upper left panel). Visual signals are conveyed by the ganglion cells whose axons course in the optic nerves. Visual signals from the nasal retina cross in the optic chiasm while information from the temporal retina remains in the ipsilateral optic tract. Fibers synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus (visual field is topographically represented here and inverted), and signals are conveyed to the visual cortex on the medial surface of the occipital lobe. 84
Page 2 and 3:
Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophys
Page 4 and 5:
Foreword Frank Netter: The Physicia
Page 6 and 7:
Part 1 Neuroanatomy Cerebrum—Medi
Page 8 and 9:
Cerebrum: Inferior View NEUROANATOM
Page 10 and 11:
Thalamus NEUROANATOMY Interventricu
Page 12 and 13:
Brainstem NEUROANATOMY Posterolater
Page 14 and 15:
Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
Page 16 and 17:
Arteries to Brain: Schema NEUROANAT
Page 18 and 19:
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Willis) N
Page 20 and 21:
Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medi
Page 22 and 23:
Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa NE
Page 24 and 25:
Subependymal Veins of Brain NEUROAN
Page 26 and 27:
Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus
Page 28 and 29:
Autonomic Nervous System: General T
Page 30 and 31:
Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema NEUROAN
Page 32 and 33:
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) an
Page 34 and 35:
Facial Nerve (VII): Schema NEUROANA
Page 36 and 37:
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
Page 38 and 39: Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
Page 40 and 41: Nerves of Heart NEUROANATOMY Superi
Page 42 and 43: Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum NEUR
Page 44 and 45: Nerves of Small Intestine NEUROANAT
Page 46 and 47: Nerves of Kidneys, Ureters and Urin
Page 48 and 49: Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Female NE
Page 50 and 51: Ulnar Nerve NEUROANATOMY Anterior v
Page 52 and 53: Radial Nerve in Forearm NEUROANATOM
Page 54 and 55: Tibial Nerve NEUROANATOMY Tibial ne
Page 56 and 57: Part 2 Neurophysiology Organization
Page 58 and 59: Organization of the Brain: Cell Typ
Page 60 and 61: Synaptic Transmission: Morphology o
Page 62 and 63: Synaptic Transmission: Visceral Eff
Page 64 and 65: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Syn
Page 66 and 67: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Brain Ve
Page 68 and 69: Spinal Cord: Ventral Rami NEUROPHYS
Page 70 and 71: Peripheral Nervous System NEUROPHYS
Page 72 and 73: Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinerg
Page 74 and 75: Limbic System NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Genu
Page 76 and 77: Descending Motor Pathways NEUROPHYS
Page 78 and 79: Cerebellum: Efferent Pathways NEURO
Page 80 and 81: Cutaneous Receptors: Pacinian Corpu
Page 82 and 83: Proprioception and Reflex Pathways:
Page 84 and 85: Proprioception and Reflex Pathways:
Page 86 and 87: Sensory Pathways: II NEUROPHYSIOLOG
Page 90 and 91: Auditory System: Cochlea NEUROPHYSI
Page 92 and 93: Vestibular System: Receptors NEUROP
Page 94 and 95: Gustatory (Taste) System: Receptors
Page 96 and 97: Olfactory System: Receptors NEUROPH
Page 98: Installing Adobe Acrobat Reader The
show all

Neuro Atlas

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?