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Sensory Pathways: II NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Cerebral cortex: postcentral gyrus Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus Internal capsule Midbrain (cerebral peduncles) Ventral trigeminal lemniscus Pontine reticular formation Pons Dorsal trigeminal lemniscus Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus Trigeminal motor nucleus Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus Touch, pressure Pain, temperature Proprioception Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion Ophthalmic n. Maxillary n. Sensory root and Motor root of mandibular n. Medullary reticular formation Spinal trigeminal tract Spinal trigeminal nucleus Cervical part of spinal cord Facial (VII) n. Vagus (X) n. Dorsolateral fasciculus (of Lissauer) Substantia gelatinosa (Iamina II) © FIGURE 2.30 SOMESTHETIC SYSTEM OF THE HEAD • Nerve cells bodies for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature in the head are in the trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion of the trigeminal (CN V) nerve (blue and red lines in figure). <strong>Neuro</strong>nal cell bodies mediating proprioception reside in the mesencephalic nucleus of CN V (purple fibers). Most relay neurons project to the contralateral VPM nucleus of the thalamus and thence to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, where they are somatotopically represented. 81
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Sensory Pathways: III C2 C3 C4 C5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 S2, 3 L2 L3 L4 T1 C8 C6 Schematic demarcation of dermatomes shown as distinct segments. There is actually considerable overlap between any two adjacent dermatomes C5 C7 C6 C7 C6 C7 C8 S3 S4 S5 C7 C8 C8 L5 L1 L2 L3 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 S1 S2 L5 S1 S2 L5 S1 L4 L4 S1 L5 L4 Levels of principal dermatomes C5 Clavicles C5, 6, 7 Lateral parts of upper limbs C8, T1 Medial sides of upper limbs C6 Thumb C6, 7, 8 Hand C8 Ring and little fingers T4 Level of nipples T10 Level of umbilicus T12 Inguinal or groin regions L1, 2, 3, 4 Anterior and inner surfaces of lower limbs L4, 5, S1 Foot L4 Medial side of great toe S1, 2, L5 Posterior and outer surfaces of lower limbs S1 Lateral margin of foot and little toe S2, 3, 4 Perineum © FIGURE 2.31 DERMATOMES • Sensory information below the head is localized to specific areas of the body, which reflect the distribution of peripheral sensory fibers that convey sensations to the spinal cord through the dorsal roots (sensory nerve cell bodies reside in the corresponding dorsal root ganglion). The area of skin subserved by afferent fibers of one dorsal root is called a dermatome. This figure shows the dermatome segments and lists key dermatome levels used by clinicians. Variability and overlap occur, so all dermatome segments are only approximations. 82
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Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophys
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Foreword Frank Netter: The Physicia
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Part 1 Neuroanatomy Cerebrum—Medi
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Cerebrum: Inferior View NEUROANATOM
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Thalamus NEUROANATOMY Interventricu
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Brainstem NEUROANATOMY Posterolater
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Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
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Arteries to Brain: Schema NEUROANAT
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Cerebral Arterial Circle (Willis) N
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Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medi
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Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa NE
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Subependymal Veins of Brain NEUROAN
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Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus
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Autonomic Nervous System: General T
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Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema NEUROAN
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Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) an
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Facial Nerve (VII): Schema NEUROANA
Page 36 and 37: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
Page 38 and 39: Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
Page 40 and 41: Nerves of Heart NEUROANATOMY Superi
Page 42 and 43: Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum NEUR
Page 44 and 45: Nerves of Small Intestine NEUROANAT
Page 46 and 47: Nerves of Kidneys, Ureters and Urin
Page 48 and 49: Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Female NE
Page 50 and 51: Ulnar Nerve NEUROANATOMY Anterior v
Page 52 and 53: Radial Nerve in Forearm NEUROANATOM
Page 54 and 55: Tibial Nerve NEUROANATOMY Tibial ne
Page 56 and 57: Part 2 Neurophysiology Organization
Page 58 and 59: Organization of the Brain: Cell Typ
Page 60 and 61: Synaptic Transmission: Morphology o
Page 62 and 63: Synaptic Transmission: Visceral Eff
Page 64 and 65: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Syn
Page 66 and 67: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Brain Ve
Page 68 and 69: Spinal Cord: Ventral Rami NEUROPHYS
Page 70 and 71: Peripheral Nervous System NEUROPHYS
Page 72 and 73: Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinerg
Page 74 and 75: Limbic System NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Genu
Page 76 and 77: Descending Motor Pathways NEUROPHYS
Page 78 and 79: Cerebellum: Efferent Pathways NEURO
Page 80 and 81: Cutaneous Receptors: Pacinian Corpu
Page 82 and 83: Proprioception and Reflex Pathways:
Page 84 and 85: Proprioception and Reflex Pathways:
Page 88 and 89: Visual System: Receptors NEUROPHYSI
Page 90 and 91: Auditory System: Cochlea NEUROPHYSI
Page 92 and 93: Vestibular System: Receptors NEUROP
Page 94 and 95: Gustatory (Taste) System: Receptors
Page 96 and 97: Olfactory System: Receptors NEUROPH
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