Neuro Atlas

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Descending Motor Pathways NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Motor cortex Internal capsule Hip Knee Ankle Toes Trunk Shoulder Elbow Wrist Fingers Thumb Neck Brow Eyelid Nares Lips Tongue Larynx Lateral aspect of cerebral cortex to show topographic projection of motor centers on precentral gyrus Midbrain Pons Medulla Basis pedunculi Basis pontis Pyramids Motor system Fibers originate in motor cortex and descend via posterior limb of internal capsule to basis pedunculi of midbrain Longitudinal bundles branch upon entering basis pontis and rejoin to enter pyramids of medulla At lower medulla, bulk of fibers cross median plane to form lateral corticospinal tract; some fibers continue downward in ipsilateral lateral corticospinal tract; others descending ipsilateral anterior corticospinal tract Medulla Above midthoracic level Decussation of pyramids Synapse occurs at spinal level: Lateral corticospinal fibers synapse on ipsilateral anterior horn cells; anterior corticospinal fibers synapse on contralateral anterior horn cells Motor endplate Spinal cord Below midthoracic level Anterior corticospinal tract Lateral corticospinal tract Motor endplate © FIGURE 2.20 CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS • The corticospinal, or pyramidal, tract is the major motor tract that controls voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles, especially skilled movements of distal muscles of the limbs. All structures from the cerebral cortex to the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord constitute the upper portion of the system (upper motor neuron). The anterior horn cells and their associated axons constitute the lower portion of the system (lower motor neuron). 71
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Cerebellum: Afferent Pathways Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Cortical input Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis Pontine nuclei (contralateral) Spinal input Inferior olive Leg Arm Face To contralateral cerebellar cortex Primary fissure Upper part of medulla oblongata Spinal input Vestibular nerve and ganglion Lower part of medulla oblongata Cortical input Lateral reticular nucleus Spinal input Cervical part of spinal cord Motor interneuron Rostral spinocerebellar tract Spinal border cells Motor interneuron Lumbar part of spinal cord Clarke’s column Ventral spinocerebellar tract Vestibular nuclei To nodule and flocculus Inferior cerebellar peduncle Reticulocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar tract Gracile nucleus Main cuneate nucleus (relay for cutaneous information) External cuneate nucleus (relay for proprioceptive information) From skin (touch and pressure) From muscle (spindles and Golgi tendon organs) From skin and deep tissues (pain and Golgi tendon organs) From skin (touch and pressure) and from muscle (spindles and Golgi tendon organs) Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Leg zone Arm zone Face zone 2nd spinal projection area (gracile lobule) Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum) Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum) Functional Subdivisions of Cerebellum Hemisphere Vermis Intermediate Lateral part part Lingula Flocculus Nodule Neocerebellum (pontocerebellum) Uvula Pyramid Vermis Middle vermis Hemisphere Anterior lobe Primary fissure Middle (posterior) lobe Posterolateral fissure Flocculonodular lobe Schema of theoretical “unfolding” of cerebellar surface in derivation of above diagram FIGURE 2.21 CEREBELLAR AFFERENT PATHWAYS • © 72 The cerebellum plays an important role in coordinating movement. It receives sensory information and then influences descending motor pathways to produce fine, smooth, and coordinated motion. The cerebellum is divided into three general areas: archicerebellum (also called vestibulocerebellum) paleocerebellum (also called spinocerebellum) and the neocerebellum (also called the cerebrocerebellum). The archicerebellum is primarily involved in controlling posture and balance, as well as the movement of the head and eyes. It receives afferent signals from the vestibular apparatus and then sends efferent fibers to the appropriate descending motor pathways. The paleocerebellum primarily controls movement of the proximal portions of the limbs. It receives sensory information on limb position and muscle tone and then modifies and coordinates these movements through efferent pathways to the appropriate descending motor pathways. The neocerebellum is the largest portion of the cerebellum, and it coordinates the movement of the distal portions of the limbs. It receives input from the cerebral cortex and thus helps in the planning of motor activity (e.g., seeing a pencil and then planning and executing the movement of the arm and hand to pick it up).
Page 2 and 3:
Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophys
Page 4 and 5:
Foreword Frank Netter: The Physicia
Page 6 and 7:
Part 1 Neuroanatomy Cerebrum—Medi
Page 8 and 9:
Cerebrum: Inferior View NEUROANATOM
Page 10 and 11:
Thalamus NEUROANATOMY Interventricu
Page 12 and 13:
Brainstem NEUROANATOMY Posterolater
Page 14 and 15:
Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
Page 16 and 17:
Arteries to Brain: Schema NEUROANAT
Page 18 and 19:
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Willis) N
Page 20 and 21:
Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medi
Page 22 and 23:
Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa NE
Page 24 and 25:
Subependymal Veins of Brain NEUROAN
Page 26 and 27: Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus
Page 28 and 29: Autonomic Nervous System: General T
Page 30 and 31: Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema NEUROAN
Page 32 and 33: Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) an
Page 34 and 35: Facial Nerve (VII): Schema NEUROANA
Page 36 and 37: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
Page 38 and 39: Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
Page 40 and 41: Nerves of Heart NEUROANATOMY Superi
Page 42 and 43: Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum NEUR
Page 44 and 45: Nerves of Small Intestine NEUROANAT
Page 46 and 47: Nerves of Kidneys, Ureters and Urin
Page 48 and 49: Nerves of Pelvic Viscera: Female NE
Page 50 and 51: Ulnar Nerve NEUROANATOMY Anterior v
Page 52 and 53: Radial Nerve in Forearm NEUROANATOM
Page 54 and 55: Tibial Nerve NEUROANATOMY Tibial ne
Page 56 and 57: Part 2 Neurophysiology Organization
Page 58 and 59: Organization of the Brain: Cell Typ
Page 60 and 61: Synaptic Transmission: Morphology o
Page 62 and 63: Synaptic Transmission: Visceral Eff
Page 64 and 65: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Syn
Page 66 and 67: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Brain Ve
Page 68 and 69: Spinal Cord: Ventral Rami NEUROPHYS
Page 70 and 71: Peripheral Nervous System NEUROPHYS
Page 72 and 73: Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinerg
Page 74 and 75: Limbic System NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Genu
Page 78 and 79: Cerebellum: Efferent Pathways NEURO
Page 80 and 81: Cutaneous Receptors: Pacinian Corpu
Page 82 and 83: Proprioception and Reflex Pathways:
Page 84 and 85: Proprioception and Reflex Pathways:
Page 86 and 87: Sensory Pathways: II NEUROPHYSIOLOG
Page 88 and 89: Visual System: Receptors NEUROPHYSI
Page 90 and 91: Auditory System: Cochlea NEUROPHYSI
Page 92 and 93: Vestibular System: Receptors NEUROP
Page 94 and 95: Gustatory (Taste) System: Receptors
Page 96 and 97: Olfactory System: Receptors NEUROPH
Page 98: Installing Adobe Acrobat Reader The
show all

Neuro Atlas

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?