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Vestibular System: Receptors NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Vestibular ganglion Vestibular and cochlear divisions of vestibulocochlear n. Maculae Saccule Utricle Cochlear duct (scala media) A. Membranous labyrinth Superior semicircular canal Cristae within ampullae Horizontal semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal B. Section of crista Opposite wall of ampulla Gelatinous cupula Hair tufts Hair cells Nerve fibers Basement membrane C. Section of macula Otoconia Gelatinous otolithic membrane Hair tuft Hair cells Supporting cells Basement membrane Nerve fibers D. Structure and innervation of hair cells Hair cell (type I) Supporting cells Afferent nerve calyx Efferent nerve ending Basement membrane Kinocilium Stereocilia Cuticle Excitation Inhibition Basal body Cuticle Kinocilium Stereocilia Basal body Hair cell (type II) Supporting cell Efferent nerve endings Afferent nerve endings Myelin sheath Myelin sheath © FIGURE 2.36 VESTIBULAR RECEPTORS • The vestibular apparatus detects movement of the head in the form of linear and angular acceleration. This information is important for the control of eye movements so that the retina can be provided with a stable visual image. It is also important for the control of posture. The utricle and saccule respond to linear acceleration, such as the pull of gravity. The three semicircular canals are aligned so that the angular movement of the head can be sensed in all planes. The sensory hair cells are located in the maculae of the utricle and saccule and in the cristae within each ampullae. 87
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Vestibular System: Vestibulospinal Tracts Excitatory endings Inhibitory endings Ascending fibers in medial longitudinal fasciculi Superior Medial Lateral Inferior Vestibular nuclei Upper limb Rostral Trunk Ventral Dorsal To cerebellum Caudal Lower limb Somatotopical pattern in lateral vestibular nucleus Motor neuron (controlling neck muscles) Vestibular ganglion and nerve Medial vestibulospinal fibers in medial longitudinal fasciculi Lateral vestibulospinal tract Fibers from cristae (rotational stimuli) Excitatory endings to back muscles ? ? Excitatory interneuron Inhibitory interneuron Fibers from maculae (gravitational stimuli) Lower part of cervical spinal cord To axial muscles Lumbar part of spinal cord ? Inhibitory ending To flexor muscles To extensor muscles Inhibitory ending ? To axial muscles Excitatory ending Lateral vestibulospinal tract Inhibitory interneuron Excitatory synapse To flexor muscles To extensor muscles © FIGURE 2.37 VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACTS • Sensory input from the vestibular apparatus is used to maintain stability of the head and to maintain balance and posture. Axons convey vestibular information to the vestibular nuclei in the pons, and then secondary axons distribute this information to five sites: spinal cord (muscle control), cerebellum (vermis), reticular formation (vomiting center), extraocular muscles, and cortex (conscious perception). This figure shows only the spinal cord pathways. 88
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Atlas of Neuroanatomy and Neurophys
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Foreword Frank Netter: The Physicia
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Part 1 Neuroanatomy Cerebrum—Medi
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Cerebrum: Inferior View NEUROANATOM
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Thalamus NEUROANATOMY Interventricu
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Brainstem NEUROANATOMY Posterolater
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Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
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Arteries to Brain: Schema NEUROANAT
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Cerebral Arterial Circle (Willis) N
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Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medi
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Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa NE
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Subependymal Veins of Brain NEUROAN
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Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus
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Autonomic Nervous System: General T
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Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema NEUROAN
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Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) an
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Facial Nerve (VII): Schema NEUROANA
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
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Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema NEUROA
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Nerves of Heart NEUROANATOMY Superi
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